Thysananthus ciliaris, a rare and poorly known species from Southeast Asia, is newly discovered in Singapore in the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Its oil bodies are here reported for the first time for the species. The geographical distribution of all published occurrences of the species is briefly discussed. Provisional conservation assessments are given at the global and Singapore national levels based on current knowledge. A lectotype is designated in a second step lectotypification.

A new record for Singapore, Ficus subulata Blume, has been discovered growing in several small patches of secondary forest on Pulau Ubin. It is described here based on observations of the plant on Pulau Ubin along with notes on its habitat. A key to the Singapore species of Ficus subgenus Sycidium section Palaeomorphe, to which F. subulata belongs, is given. Male and female individuals of a Kradibia pollinating fig wasp species were found within a syconium of a plant specimen. They were collected and vouchered and are illustrated here.

Phanera ferruginea (Roxb.) Benth. is reported as a naturalised species for the Flora of Singapore. This species of climbing legume is represented by Phanera ferruginea var. griffithiana (Benth.) Bandyop., Ghoshal & M.K.Pathak in Singapore. The status of the species in Singapore, which is known only from Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, has hitherto not been fully investigated. We provide a description of the species from Bukit Timah, a comprehensive account of its origin through literature records and herbarium specimens, along with a taxonomic key and field characters for the Phanera species of Singapore.

Two species of Maesa are recorded for Singapore: the scrambling species M. sumatrana Scheff. found in the Central Catchment area, and the small tree taxon M. leptobotrya Hance found primarily in the Bukit Timah area. Both species have traditionally been misidentified as the widespread species Maesa ramentacea (Roxb.) A.DC., and this taxonomic confusion is discussed; a key to the two species, descriptions and photographs are provided.

Nomenclatural notes on several native species of Dioscoreaceae from Singapore are presented here. Twenty-three names, including nineteen synonyms, are typified. Dioscorea tenuifolia Ridl. is resurrected to the rank of species from a variety.

Recent taxonomic and floristic accounts list Kadsura scandens (Blume) Blume as the sole native Kadsura species in Singapore. However, these works have overlooked Ridley’s earlier documentation of another species, Kadsura verrucosa (Gagnep.) A.C.Sm., which was recorded under the misapplied name K. cauliflora. The reduction of Kadsura cauliflora to a synonym of K. scandens led to the uncritical acceptance of a single Kadsura species in Singapore. The confusion between Kadsura scandens and the morphologically similar K. verrucosa may be partly attributed to the demonstrably ambiguous lectotype of K. scandens. An epitype is therefore designated for Kadsura scandens. Key differences between the two Kadsura species and brief propagation notes are provided here.

The new name Ficus lindsayana Beentje is proposed for the later homonym Ficus dubia Wall. ex King (Moraceae).

The breadfruit genus Artocarpus J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (Moraceae) has sixteen species in Singapore, fourteen of them native. In this precursory study to the treatment of Artocarpus for the Flora of Singapore, we present updated phylogenomic analyses of Artocarpus subgenus Artocarpus based on 517 nuclear genes. The following taxonomic changes based on recent phylogenetic analyses, review of herbarium specimens, and field observations, are proposed. Artocarpus subg. Cauliflori (F.M.Jarrett) Zerega is reduced to a section within Artocarpus subg. Artocarpus, and Artocarpus sect. Glandulifolium F.M.Jarrett is raised to subgenus status. The new monotypic subgenus Artocarpus subg. Aenigma E.M.Gardner & Zerega is proposed for Artocarpus sepicanus Diels, whose phylogenetic position remains uncertain and may be of ancient hybrid origin. Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. ex Blume, A. scortechinii King and A. corneri Kochummen are recognised as distinct species. Artocarpus clementis Merr. is reinstated as distinct from A. lanceifolius Roxb. Artocarpus calophyllus Kurz and A. melinoxylus Gagnep. are reinstated as distinct from both A. chama Buch.-Ham. and A. rigidus Blume. Artocarpus nigrescens Elmer is reinstated as distinct from A. treculianus Elmer. Keys to the subgenera, the sections of Artocarpus subg. Artocarpus and to the species found in Singapore are presented. A nomenclatural synopsis of subgenera Artocarpus, Aenigma and Glandulifolium is presented with taxonomic notes to aid in identification. Seventeen lectotypes, six of them in a second step, and two neotypes are designated.

A review of names and types in Putranjivaceae relevant to Malesia has been undertaken. Fifty-six lectotype designations (including three second-step lectotypifications) and four neotype designations are given. In addition, a previous lectotypification is discussed.

On recent expeditions, two endemic new species of Begonia sect. Baryandra, Begonia obscuribracteata Y.P.Ang, Cabanillas & M.N.Tamayo and Begonia tandikan Pranada, L.M.Camangeg, Cabanillas & Y.P.Ang, were discovered and are hereby described and illustrated. Begonia obscuribracteata is similar to B. cabanillasii Y.P.Ang et al. in having suborbicular leaves that are adaxially hairy, five conspicuous wings on the ovary, and tepals that are hairy on the outside. However, it can be easily distinguished by features of its leaves, stipules, and bracts. A key to similar Begonia species with a conspicuous 5-winged ovary is provided. Begonia tandikan morphologically resembles B. beijnenii Y.P.Ang et al. but differs by having a broadly ovate (vs subrhomboid) lamina with a villous (vs glabrous) upper surface, shorter and wider stipules with aristate (vs cuspidate) apices, and minutely pilose (vs glabrous) bracts. Following IUCN guidelines, Begonia obscuribracteata is assessed as Endangered (EN) and Begonia tandikan as Critically Endangered (CR).

A new species, Hornstedtia olivacea Docot & Pranada, from the province of Quezon, Philippines is described here with information on its distribution, habitat and phenology, along with a provisional IUCN conservation assessment. A second-step lectotypification of Hornstedtia conoidea Ridl. is proposed and a previous lectotypification of Hornstedtia microcheila Ridl. is clarified. Examination of the collection Ramos & Edaño 44454 supports the occurrence of Hornstedtia havilandii (K.Schum.) K.Schum. in the Philippines but new material is needed to check if the populations in the province of Sulu are distinct enough from the populations in Borneo to be recognised as a distinct taxon. An updated key to the Hornstedtia species of the Philippines is also provided.

We propose the replacement name Actinodaphne ramosii Brambach & Pelser for Actinodaphne lanceolata (Merr.) Kosterm. ex Brambach & Pelser, an illegitimate later homonym of Actinodaphne lanceolata Dalzell & A.Gibson.

Six new species of Gesneriaceae from Laos, namely Didymocarpus angustiflorus Souvann. & Lanors., D. bolavenensis Souvann., Soulad. & Phonep., D. laoticus Souvann. & Lanors., D. trilobus Souvann. & Phonep., Hemiboea olivifolia Souvann. & Tagane and Paraboea planiflora Souvann. & Lanors., are described and illustrated. Additionally, Aeschynanthus bracteatus Wall. ex A.DC., A. micranthus C.B.Clarke, Epithema ceylanicum Gardner, Lysionotus serratus D.Don, Microchirita luteola C.Puglisi, Paraboea swinhoei (Hance) B.L.Burtt, Petrocosmea kerrii Craib and Pseudochirita guangxiensis (S.Z.Huang) W.T.Wang, are newly recorded for the flora of Laos.

The new species Petrocosmea villosa D.J.Middleton from Shan State, Myanmar is described. It is most similar to Petrocosmea kerrii Craib, P. crinita (W.T.Wang) Z.J.Qiu and P. heterophylla B.L.Burtt in Petrocosmea sect. Deinanthera but differs particularly in inflorescence structure, inflorescence indumentum and in the long calyx lobes.

A new species, Artabotrys sericeus Sujana & Vadhyar, is described from Tamil Nadu, India. The new species shows some resemblance to Artabotrys zeylanicus Hook.f. & Thomson, but it can be easily distinguished by the shape, size, colour and indumentum of the petals as well as the shape and texture of the monocarps. Illustrations, photographs and SEM images of the pollen grains of the new species are provided. The conservation status of the new species is also assessed.

Begonia bhutanensis P.Gyeltshen & M.Hughes (Begoniaceae) is described from the warm broadleaved forests of Zhemgang district in Bhutan. It is assigned to Begonia sect. Diploclinium as it has a tuberous habit and bifid placentae and is similar to Begonia rubella Buch.-Ham. ex D.Don, but differs in having fimbriate bracts (not entire) and rounded wings on the capsule (not elongate triangular). A key to species of Begonia sect. Diploclinium in Bhutan is provided.

A new species, Begonia arunachalensis D.Borah & Wahlsteen (Begoniaceae) is described and illustrated. It is distributed in Papum Pare District of Arunachal Pradesh where it grows near streams in rock crevices. Begonia arunachalensis is similar to B. brevicaulis A.DC. but differs in its pendent fruits, number of locules and capsule wings, and longer lateral wings. It belongs to Begonia sect. Diploclinium.

Ixora predeepii Balan & S.Harikr. and Ixora sivarajiana Pradeep are synonymised under Ixora cuneifolia Roxb. and Ixora notoniana Wall. ex G.Don respectively. Lectotypes are designated for the names Ixora nigricans R.Br. ex Wight & Arn. and Ixora undulata Roxb. ex Sm. A second step lectotype is designated for the name Ixora cuneifolia Roxb.

Bamboos of Hong Kong. N.-H. Xia & Eric K.-Y. Liu, with K.-S. Pang, R.-S. Lin, Jenny Y.-Y. Lau & C.H. Zheng (eds). 2021.

Amanita sculpta Corner & Bas was first collected from Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Singapore, in 1939 and 1940 and then described as new in 1962. Since then, there have been no sightings or collections of this fungus in Singapore until recently when it was observed and recollected at Bukit Timah Nature Reserve after a hiatus of more than 80 years.

The native Simaroubaceae of Singapore (four genera with one species each) are listed with full synonymy and typification. In the absence of any original material, a neotype is designated for Eurycoma longifolia Jack. Recent collections confirm Samadera indica Gaertn. as native in Singapore. In total 14 lectotypes and 3 neotypes are designated.

The native Ochnaceae of Singapore (five species from three genera) are listed with synonymy and typification. An epitype is designated for Euthemis elegantissima Wall. to fix the application of the name in the sense of Brackenridgea hookeri (Planch.) A.Gray. In addition, 17 lectotypes (including 13 at the second step) and three neotypes (two at the second step) are designated here.

Clarification of the nomenclature of names used for species of Theaceae in Singapore is provided. Lectotypes are designated for Gordonia multinervis King, Gordonia concentricicatrix Burkill, Gordonia excelsa Blume var. sincapuriana Dyer, Gordonia grandis King and Pyrenaria acuminata Planch. ex Choisy.

As part of a project to sample tissue from all native vascular plants in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we collected material from four species that have not been previously recorded

in Singapore. Of these, Nervilia singaporensis Niissalo has already been described as a new species, native to Singapore. Two species, Lepidogyne longifolia (Blume) Blume (Orchidaceae)

and Ptyssiglottis kunthiana (Wall. ex Nees) B.Hansen (Acanthaceae), which are reported here, belong to genera that have not previously been recorded in Singapore. Based on their collection

history in the region and their habitat in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, we consider them native to Singapore. The fourth new record, Plectocomiopsis cf. corneri Furtado (Arecaceae), also

reported here, is a new species record for Singapore, but based on the collection history of the species and its only known locality in Singapore, we consider it introduced. The nomenclature

and history of these species are discussed and we designate lectotypes for several names that are relevant to these species: Neottia longifolia Blume, Lepidogyne sceptrum Schltr., Polytrema

aequale Ridl., Polytrema aequale Ridl. var. minor Ridl. and Polytrema vulgare C.B.Clarke. We also designate a neotype for Lepidogyne minor Schltr.

All Desmodium Desv. species previously included in the most recent published checklist for Singapore have been recently transferred to Grona Lour. Desmodium scorpiurus (Sw.) Desv. and Pleurolobus gangeticus (L.) J.St.-Hil. are reported here as non-native new records for Singapore. An identification key to the species of the Desmodium group in Singapore is provided. Descriptions are provided for the new records based on the Singapore specimens. A lectotype is designated for Desmodium polycarpon var. albiflorum Ridl. which is reduced to synonymy of Grona heterocarpos (L.) H.Ohashi & K.Ohashi subsp. heterocarpos var. heterocarpos. Second step lectotypifications are designated here for Hedysarum heterophyllum Willd. and Hedysarum scorpiurus Sw. 30 species names in tribe Desmodieae for the Malay Peninsula with updated nomenclature is given.

A revision of all species of the genus Litsea Lam. (Lauraceae) occurring in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore is presented along with a summary of taxonomic history, notable features of morphology, and a key to species. A description, distribution map, and a proposed conservation assessment is presented for each species, together with notes on ecology and ethnobotany. Through this revision, 37 distinct species are recognised. Forty-three names are lectotypified (Cylicodaphne myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Meisn. var. acutata Meisn., Lepidadenia magnifica Miq., Litsea accedens (Blume) Boerl., L. acrantha Ridl., L. amara Blume, L. angulata Blume, L. artocarpifolia Gamble, L. brachystachya (Blume) Boerl., L. brideliifolia Hayata, L. cinerascens Ridl., L. costalis (Nees) Kosterm., L. curtisii Gamble, L. elliptica Blume, L. erectinervia Kosterm., L. fenestrata Gamble, L. ferruginea (Blume) Blume, L. glabrifolia Ridl., L. glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob., L. helferi Hook.f. var. ovata Gamble, L. hirsutissima Gamble var. geniculata Gamble, L. kunstleri Gamble, L. lancifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Fern.-Vill. var. rufa Ridl., L. machilifolia Gamble var. montana Ridl., L. magnifica (Miq.) Fern.-Vill. var. pahangensis Ridl., L. maingayi Hook.f., L. monopetala (Roxb.) Pers., L. noronhae Blume, L. noronhae Blume var. hexandra Gamble, L. patellaris Gamble, L. penangiana Hook.f., L. petiolata Hook.f., L. quercina Gamble, L. robusta Blume, L. scortechinii Gamble, L. sessiliflora Hook.f., L. spathacea Gamble, L. spathacea Gamble var. tomentosa Gamble, L. sphaerocarpa Blume, L. terminalis Ridl., L. ujongensis Gamble, L. ujongensis Gamble var. nervosa Gamble, Tetranthera angusta Nees and T. cordifolia Meisn.), while three additional names are lectotypified in a second step (L. lancifolia (Roxb. ex Nees) Fern.-Vill., L. monticola Gamble and L. trunciflora Gamble) and eleven names are placed into synonymy for the first time (Cylicodaphne myristicifolia (Wall. ex Nees) Meisn. var. acutata Meisn., L. cinerascens Ridl., L. firma (Blume) Hook.f., L. foxiana Gamble, L. hirsutior Kosterm., L. magnifica (Miq.) Fern.-Vill., L. paludosa Kosterm., L. persella Ridl., L. rufofusca Kosterm., L. spathacea Gamble, and L. umbellata (Lour.) Merr. var. fuscotomentosa (Meisn.) I.M.Turner). Most species have a global conservation assessment of Least Concern, while a few species are either Vulnerable (L. acrantha and L. fenestrata), Endangered (L. claviflora Gamble, L. curtisii and L. penangiana), Critically Endangered (L. ridleyi Gamble) and one species considered to be Data Deficient (L. glabrifolia Ridl.).

Six new Orchidantha species (Lowiaceae) from Borneo, O. gigantea Škorničk. & A.Lamb, O. ismailii Škorničk. & A.Lamb, O. jiewhoei Škorničk. & A.Lamb, O. lutescens Škorničk. & A.Lamb, O. nilusii Škorničk. & A.Lamb and O. ultramafica Škorničk. & A.Lamb are described here. This brings the total number of species in the family to 34 of which 17 are endemic to Borneo. Detailed descriptions, colour plates, preliminary IUCN conservation assessments and a key to all Bornean Orchidantha species are provided.

Paraboea khaoyaica Kaitongsuk, Triboun & Sungkaew, a new species from Southeastern Thailand, is described and illustrated and its conservation status is assessed. The species is currently only known from the type locality.

Drimia jeevae Karupp. & V.Ravich. (Asparagaceae) is described as a new species from the Alamparai Hills, Kanyakumari District, which is a part of the southern Western Ghats of Tamil Nadu, India. A detailed description, illustration, phenology, and relevant ecological notes are provided, along with a comparison to the morphologically similar species Drimia razii Ansari and Drimia wightii Lakshmin.

Impatiens benthamii Steenis (Balsaminaceae) is re-collected from the type locality, Khasi Hills, Meghalaya, India, almost 60 years since it was last collected. The history and nomenclatural complexity of this little-known endemic species is discussed. A clarification of the distributional range of the species is given due to previous erroneous reports. To facilitate its proper identification, a detailed description based on live materials and colour photographs is provided. The characters of Impatiens benthamii are compared to those of closely related species. A lectotype is designated.

The protologue of Balanostreblus ilicifolius Kurz included the citation of specimens from Bangladesh and Myanmar of a plant now called Taxotrophis ilicifolia (Kurz) S.Vidal. However, the description in the protologue and the accompanying illustration were based largely on the Neotropical Sorocea guilleminiana Gaudich., which was cultivated in the Royal Botanic Garden, Calcutta and has similar vegetative characters. This paper seeks to resolve a century of confusion over the identity of Balanostreblus ilicifolius and reviews its history in light of historical correspondence relating to its identity and the trans-continental exchange of plants under British colonialism. The paper concludes that a previous attempt to typify Balanostreblus ilicifolius with an uncited cultivated specimen of Sorocea guilleminiana should be superseded with material from Myanmar cited in the protologue. A lectotype is designated, fixing the application of the name, which can now serve as the basionym of Taxotrophis ilicifolia.