Abstract:
Georg Eberhard Rumpf, better known as Rumphius (1627–1702) was a Homo universalis and is the undisputed patriarch of Malesian botany, zoology, geology (including fossils!), colonial history; pharmaceutical, architectural, juridical (local and Western), ethnological, linguistic, historical, and religious matters, including astrology and magic. To botanists he is best known for his Herbarium amboinense (1741–1750), the first account and sometimes the only one of Malesian plants. This is a 7-volume folio work with extensive descriptions and discussions in Latin and Dutch of about 1200 species with 811 full-page illustrations. A brief account of his life and works is given.

Abstract:
A phenetic analysis based on 27 morphometric characters of seven species of Daemonorops in Sulawesi recovered two groups with a similarity coefficient value of 0.51. Group A consists of D. takanensis and D. lamprolepis with a similarity coefficient value of 0.58. Group B is divided into subgroup B1 and subgroup B2, with a similarity coefficient value of 0.59. Group B1 consists of D. macroptera, D. mogeana and D. robusta. Group B2 consists of D. riedeliana and D. sarasinorum. An identification key to species and their descriptions are presented.

Abstract:
Eight species of Pandanaceae (3 Freycinetia spp., 5 Pandanus spp.) were recorded from the Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park and adjacent areas in the West and Central Kalimantan Provinces, Indonesia. Pandanus aristatus was recollected and the description improved. Pandanus motleyanus has been assigned to synonymy under P. yvanii. Pandanus yvanii and P. helicopus were found to occupy different niches in the peat swamps. Pandanus epiphyticus Martelli and P. pachyphyllus Merrill were recorded for the first time in Kalimantan. The doubtful presence of F. sumatrana in Java is resolved. Two Eastern Malesian species, F. amboinensis and F. ceramensis are synonyms of F. sumatrana, thus the species is now an exceptionally widespread species in both western and eastern Malesia. Full descriptions of species are provided.

Abstract:
Current taxonomic problems in Pandanus in Java include the interpretation of the Pandanus furcatus complex as well as the P. tectorius complex. A study of general morphological, stomatal and molecular characteristics (viz., the noncoding chloroplast intergenic spacer region atpB-rbcL) showed that P. bantamensis Koord., P. pseudolais Warb., and P. scabrifolius Martelli, previously considered synonyms of P. furcatus, and P. tectorius var. littoralis Martelli and P. odoratissimus L.f. are all distinct species.

Abstract:
In Malesia there are four species of Bothriochloa (Poaceae: Andropogoneae). Andropogon modesta is lectotypified.

Abstract:
Saurauia, with approximately 300 species, is the largest of three genera within the family Actinidiaceae and is found in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of Asia, Central and South America. The family placement of the genus has changed several times, at times being placed in Ternstroemiaceae, Dilleniaceae and its own family, Saurauiaceae. The island of New Guinea may be a centre of diversity for Saurauia in South East Asia with more than 50 species. No comprehensive treatment of New Guinean Saurauia has been attempted since the work of Diels in 1922, despite complaints by later researchers that this publication is out of date and the subdivisions of the genus proposed therein are unsatisfactory. A full account of the family, including Saurauia, has yet to be covered in Flora Malesiana. This paper presents an introduction to the genus Saurauia in New Guinea and communicates plans for future research.

Abstract:
Eight species of Begonia were described from Sumatra in 1822 by the Scottish botanist William Jack. All of the type material associated with these names was destroyed in a fire in 1824, and an expedition was mounted in August 2010 to re-visit Jack’s collecting localities in an effort to find material suitable for neotypification. Of the eight species, two (Begonia bracteata Jack and B. racemosa Jack) could be neotypified with certainty, whilst others require further work. It is possible that some of the species described from Bengkulu province may have become extinct due to loss of forest habitat.

Abstract:
Information from the literature, new observations based on field study, and new distribution data gathered from herbarium specimens and new collections are assembled in preparation for a revision of the genus Erycibe in Peninsular Malaysia. Significant new data are discussed and a conservation status is assigned to each of the 19 taxa recognised in Peninsular Malaysia. Problems still to be resolved are highlighted.

Abstract:
The Icacinaceae were traditionally considered difficult to recognise because of extremely diverse vegetative anatomy and an enormous range in structure. Using a traditional circumscription of the family, the Icacinaceae of Asia were revised by Sleumer in 1969 and published in the Flora Malesiana in 1971, and included 100 species in 21 genera. Since the publication of the FM account, a new understanding of relationships within the group, stimulated by molecular phylogenetic data, has resulted in these genera being assigned to several different, more morphologically homogeneous families. In addition, an increase in collections has allowed species-level taxonomy to be revised in several groups, resulting in new species from the region, as well as a new genus from Borneo. In this paper these changes are reviewed, with a discussion of useful characters for identification, and an updated list of families, genera and species presented.

Abstract:
Formerly referred to Verbenaceae s.l., Clerodendrum L. is one of the largest genera within the Lamiaceae (Labiatae) s.l., and many of its species are of ecological and commercial importance. However, confusion about species delimitation and identification has reigned for many decades, resulting in large quantities of unidentified, or misidentified, herbarium material. Results from recent molecular studies have provided a framework for accurate placement of taxa. The revised concept of the genus is applied to taxa in Malesia in order to produce a modern account for Flora Malesiana, which includes up-to-date descriptions and much-needed keys. Progress made so far is reported.

Abstract:
A synoptic revision of Coelostegia Benth. (Bombacaceae/Malvaceae subfam. Helicteroideae–Durioneae) in Borneo is given. Six species are recognised, of which four (C. chartacea, C. kostermansii, C. montana and C. neesiocarpa) are endemic to Borneo. Coelostegia griffithii, previously recorded only from Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Java and Sumatra, is now also found in Borneo, while C. montana previously known only from Sarawak and Kalimantan also occurs in Sabah. Gross morphological and micromorphological characters show that the genus Coelostegia can be readily distinguished from other genera in the Durioneae-group by the epicalyx being much shorter than the calyx, the induplicatesaccate calyx character and the ovary being partly enclosed by the receptacle. The distinction is also supported by micromorphological characters derived from trichomes, stomata, and pollen. Nomenclatural (typification and synonymy) and taxonomic notes, ecology and geographical distribution of the recognised species are provided.

Abstract:
A revision of Jarandersonia was conducted as part of a study of Malvaceae: Brownlowioideae for the Tree Flora of Sabah and Sarawak Project. Six species of Jarandersonia are recognised for Borneo, of which J. pentaceoides R.C.K.Chung & H.S.Tan, endemic to central Kalimantan, is new to science. A complete list of exsiccatae, nomenclatural and taxonomic notes, geographical distribution and conservation status of the recognised species, are provided.

Abstract:
An overview of the pan-tropical family Sapotaceae is provided with particular focus on the Malesian region. Past and current taxonomic and phylogenetic research is summarised and publications relating to the production of a Flora Malesiana Sapotaceae account highlighted. Challenges to delivering a Flora Malesiana account are identified and some potential solutions suggested.

Abstract:
A review of Elatostema J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. and Procris Juss. (Urticaceae) occurring in Peninsular Malaysia resulted in four taxa, currently classified in Elatostema, being transferred to the genus Procris. Six species of Procris are recognised as occurring in Peninsular Malaysia with the following new combinations provided here: Procris acaulis (Hook.f.) B.J. Conn & J.T. Hadiah; Procris curtisii (Ridl.) B.J. Conn & J.T. Hadiah; and Procris repens (Lour.) B.J. Conn & J.T. Hadiah. A modified description of Procris (including Pellionia) and a key to the species occurring in Peninsular Malaysia are provided.

Abstract:
As currently delimited, Lejeunea Lib. is characterised by the hyaline papilla at the proximal side of the first tooth of the lobule; the usual absence of ocelli in the leaf lobe; lobules occasionally reduced and with a single tooth; small, finely granular or homogeneous oil bodies; underleaves without or with straight, upright lobes; thin-walled epidermal cells that are larger than the medullary cells; branches of the Lejeunea-type; and gynoecia with lejeuneoid innovations. In Malaysia, 29 species of Lejeunea have hither to been recognised. In the framework of an ongoing taxonomic revision, all characters used to circumscribe the genus and the species from Malaysia have been critically assessed based on study of fresh material collected during many field excursions throughout Malaysia (the Peninsular, Sabah, Sarawak) as well as study of herbarium material. Some characters which were neglected previously, such as the morphology of the first lobule tooth, superior central cells and female bracts and bracteoles, are being critically evaluated. These characters may be useful for differentiating Lejeunea from closely related genera, whereas characters of oil bodies, the perianth, the lobule with a large disc cell, and underleaves with two large basal cells, are also useful for distinguishing some species within the genus.

Abstract:
The development of the study of larger basidiomycetes, especially polypores, in the Malesian region is presented. The historical importance of the botanical gardens in Bogor and Singapore is emphasised and an overview of the mycological collection in Singapore is given. This includes several isotypes of taxa described by G.E. Massee, C.G. Lloyd and N. Patouillard, as well as paratypes and holotypes of taxa described by E.J.H. Corner. The problems linked to Corner’s material are discussed in the light of studies made in both Singapore and Edinburgh. The polypore collection in Singapore is a valuable resource for studying any geographical variation of fungal floras in the Malesian region and a unique tool for examining any temporal change in this flora, given the continuity of collections in the island since H.N. Ridley in 1892.

Abstract:
An overview is presented of available e-taxonomic products and ongoing projects contributing to Flora Malesiana. This is presented in the context of a strong plea to strengthen the implementation of state-of-the-art e-taxonomy tools to speed up the generation and publication of Flora Malesiana information.

Abstract:
The last analysis of the vascular plant flora of Singapore was published more than a decade ago. Since then, the conservation statuses of all native species have been assessed and more exotic species have been recognised as naturalised. We present a holistic view of the family compositions and life forms of the total flora, including many exotic species that are found in cultivation only and not yet escaped or naturalised. Excluding extinct species, exotic species now outnumber native species. Horticultural introductions have also strongly influenced family compositions: legumes and palms are now the most species-rich families in the total flora. Legumes are also a dominant family among all naturalised life forms. We briefly discuss these implications for local conservation ecology.

Abstract:
The primeval vegetation of Singapore was largely lowland dipterocarp forest, with mangrove forest lining much of the coast and freshwater swamp forest found further inland adjacent to the streams and rivers. After colonization by the British in 1819, almost all the primeval vegetation was cleared for agriculture and other land uses. The most comprehensive vegetation map of Singapore was made in the 1970s and has not been updated since. Here we present an updated vegetation map of Singapore using information from satellite images, published works, and extensive ground-truthing. Vegetation covers 56% of Singapore’s total land area: 27% is actively managed (parks, gardens, lawns, etc.) and 29% is spontaneous vegetation. Primary lowland dipterocarp forest and freshwater swamp forest cover only 0.28% and is confined to the Bukit Timah and Central Catchment Nature Reserves. The majority of the non-managed vegetation is secondary forest of various kinds, dominated by native or alien trees. The managed vegetation and alien-dominated secondary vegetation are understudied and deserve more research attention. The vegetation of Singapore should be re-mapped at regular intervals in order to better understand the changes.

Abstract:
A total of 32 species from 11 genera of aroids were collected from Kuala Koh, Gua Musang, Kelantan. This represents about 23% out of an estimated 140 species and 39% of the 28 genera of aroids reported for Peninsular Malaysia. These include 24 species that are new records for Kelantan, including the recently described Homalomena kualakohensis Zulhazman, Mashhor & P.C.Boyce, and the very rare Rhaphidophora corneri P.C.Boyce, refound after 75 years.

Abstract:
This research describes the vegetation types, determines the diversity and assesses the conservation status of vascular plants in Mt. Kitanglad Range Natural Park, Bukidnon Province. Twelve 20 m × 20 m nested plots were established per vegetation type. A transect survey with 34 plots revealed three vegetation types, namely the agroecosystem, lower montane forest and mossy forest, with 661 species, 264 genera, and 106 families enumerated. Plant species richness and diversity decreases as the altitude increases, and the mossy forest had the lowest species diversity. Lithocarpus sp. obtained the highest Species Importance Value (SIV) for trees in both lower montane and mossy forests together, while Leptospermum sp. had the highest SIV in the mossy forest. Tree profile analysis showed that the lower montane forest had the highest mean number of species (7.9 spp.) and individuals (26.9 individuals), mean height (11.12 m) and mean diameter at breast height (dbh, 39.40 cm). The upper mossy forest had the lowest mean number of species (4.4 spp.), individuals (20.2 individuals), average height (7.03 m) and average dbh (16.60 cm). We assess 92 threatened and 82 rare species; 108 endemic species, 50 economically important species, 56 species newly recorded in the locality and 20 species newly recorded for the Philippines. Policy recommendations are given for protecting the remaining threatened, endemic and rare species of plants and their habitats.

Abstract:
Recent phylogenetic analyses of the tribe Schismatoglottideae (Araceae) elucidated a well-supported but internally unresolved crown group comprising Schismatoglottis sarikeensis (Bogner & M.Hotta) A.Hay & Bogner, previously placed in the genus Hottarum Bogner & Nicolson, the genus Phymatarum M.Hotta, and a number of species either novel or hitherto placed in Schismatoglottis Zoll. & Moritzi. The clade is particularly interesting in that it is centred in northern central Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo), north of the Lupar Divide and appears to represent an autochthonous radiation point for evolutionary activity isolated from the major tribal radiations in south-western Sarawak. Former Hottarum species (with the exclusion of H. truncatum) transferred to Piptospatha and Schismatoglottis are misplaced. All except Bakoa lucens (Bogner) P.C.Boyce & S.Y.Wong belong to this supra-Lupar Divide grouping. This study was undertaken to test the validity and phylogeny of the genus Hottarum utilising the nuclear ITS region.

Abstract:
Dendrobium Sw. is one of the three largest orchid genera, with around 1580 species if certain currently accepted satellite genera are included. Until recently, no serious attempts have been made to split up this important genus into smaller genera. An infrageneric classification at the sectional level, largely due to Schlechter, has been accepted by most workers. Recent analyses based on DNA markers by Yukawa, Clements, and others have provided new insights into the phylogeny of Dendrobium. Their work shows that Dendrobium is not monophyletic when the satellite genera are excluded. This led to proposals to split up Dendrobium into as many as fifty genera, largely along the lines of Schlechter’s sections. However, the data do not suggest any single, evident way to do the splitting. Here it is argued that a broad concept of the genus Dendrobium, which includes genera like Cadetia Gaudich., Flickingeria A.D.Hawkes and Epigeneium Gagnep., among others, is to be preferred. The comparable cases of other large orchid genera are briefly discussed and some observations are made on character evolution in Dendrobium and the origin of the genus in light of DNA-based phylogenies.

Abstract:
The genus Thottea comprises about 35 species distributed from India throughout Southeast Asia. However, most of the species have a narrow distribution. A first molecular phylogeny based on the chloroplast trnK intron, matK gene and trnK-psbA spacer is presented and confirms the monophyly of the genus according to Hou in 1981. Earlier subdivisions into the sections or genera Apama and Thottea could not be substantiated since both proved to be paraphyletic with respect to each other. The taxonomic and systematic history of Thottea is discussed with respect to molecular and morphological data. Thottea piperiformis is sister to all other species, which gives limited recognition to Asiphonia piperiformis as proposed by Huber (1985). Thottea tomentosa, one of the smallest and most widespread species is subsequently sister to all remaining species. Thottea diversified in two biogeographic regions: the Western Ghats in India and the Indo-Malayan region. A high degree of endemism is observed resulting from the presence of very few species shared between islands, which might be the result of a single colonisation and subsequent radiation. Within Piperales, Thottea holds a key position between the herbaceous Asaroideae and the woody Aristolochioideae.

Abstract:
The large genus Begonia began to diverge in Africa during the Oligocene. The current hotspot of diversity for the genus in China and Southeast Asia must therefore be the result of an eastward dispersal or migration across the Asian continent. To investigate the role of the Himalayas as a mesic corridor facilitating this migration, we constructed a timecalibrated molecular phylogeny using ITS sequence data. Himalayan species of Begonia were found to fall into two groups. The first is an unresolved grade of tuberous, deciduous species of unknown geographic origin, with evidence of endemic radiations in the Himalayan region beginning c. 7.4 Ma, coinciding with the onset of the Asian monsoon. The second is a group of evergreen rhizomatous species with a probable origin in China, which immigrated to the Himalayan region c. 5.1 Ma, coinciding with an intensification of the monsoon. The hypothesis of the Himalayas being a mesic migration route during the colonisation of Asia is not refuted, but further data is needed.

Abstract:
A revision of the 55 species of Callicarpa L. (Lamiaceae) in Malesia is almost complete. There appear to be two major centres of diversity, in terms of species numbers: Borneo has 23 (44%) of the species (Bramley 2009), with 19 (83%) endemic; the Philippines has 26 (50%) of the species of which 16 (61%) are endemic (Bramley, in press, a). Callicarpa species have an extensive variation in distribution patterns; this paper focuses on the Pan-Malesian species, and the species of Borneo and the Philippines, the two islands / island groups that are the centre of Callicarpa species diversity. Fifteen of the 19 Callicarpa species endemic to Borneo belong to the ‘Geunsia’ group, an informal group used here to recognise Callicarpa pentandra and its relatives. The Geunsia group appears to be restricted to Malesia, and is only represented by C. pentandra outside of Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi. The 16 Callicarpa species endemic to the islands of the Philippines represent a number of different informal morphology-based groups containing species from other areas of Malesia, China or Indo-China, or, they do not appear to belong to any particular group.

Abstract:
Extant magnolias (Magnoliaceae, Magnolioideae) have a classic disjunct distribution in southeast Asia and in the Americas between Canada and Brazil. Molecular analyses reveal that several North American species are basal forms suggesting that magnolias originated in North America, as indicated by their fossil record. We recognise four elements in their evolution: (1) Ancestral magnolias originated in the Late Cretaceous of North America in high mid-latitudes (45°–60°N) at low altitudes in a greenhouse climate. (2) During the exceptionally warm climate of the Eocene, magnolias spread eastwards, via the Disko Island and Thulean isthmuses, first to Europe, and then across Asia, still at low altitudes and high mid-latitudes. (3) With mid-Cenozoic global cooling, they shifted to lower mid-latitudes (30°–45°N), becoming extinct in Europe (Yulania was still present less than 2 mya.) and southern Siberia, dividing a once continuous distribution into two, centered in eastern Asia and in North America. (4) In the late Cenozoic, as ice-house conditions developed, magnolias migrated southward from both centres into moist warm temperate upland sites in the newly uplifted mountain ranges of South and Central America, southeast Asia, and the High Archipelago, where they diversified. Thus the late Cenozoic evolution of magnolias is characterised by impoverishment of northern, and diversification of southern species, the latter being driven by a combination of high relief and climate oscillations, and neither of the present centres of diversity is the centre of origin. Magnolioideae appear to consist of only the genus Magnolia.

Abstract:
The spatial and temporal diversification of Tetrastigma Planch., a genus of the grape family Vitaceae with a wide distribution throughout subtropical and tropical Asia to Australia, was examined through phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses. The times of divergence within Tetrastigma were estimated with the Bayesian approach based on sequence data from four plastid (atpB-rbcL, rps16, trnL-F, and psbA-trnH) markers using the computer program BEAST. The divergence time between Tetrastigma and its closely relative Cayratia was estimated as the early Eocene around 50.6 million years ago (mya), with 95% HPD: 36.3–65.3 mya. The age of the crown group of Tetrastigma was dated to be late Eocene (36.9 mya, with 95% HPD: 25.7–49.3 mya). Biogeographic analyses using LAGRANGE suggested that the Sino–Himalayan region (and the adjacent Indochina) was the most likely ancestral area for Tetrastigma. Most Tetrastigma species sampled from the Malesian region were nested within clades of the Sino–Himalayan and Indochina region. A few Malesian species primarily from SE Sulawesi, the Philippines and New Guinea are not associated with the Sino–Himalayan and Indochina species and formed separated clades. The results suggest that Tetrastigma species in the Malesian region have complex biogeographic origins and continental Asia served as an important source area for the Malesian members of the genus.

Abstract:
Floristically, Java was always considered to be west of Wallace’s line together with the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Borneo, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Recently, statistical analyses of rough geographic data per species (presence or absence on islands or island groups) showed that Java is part of the central Wallacean area in Malesia (together with also the Philippines, Sulawesi, the Lesser Sunda Islands, and the Moluccas) rather than of Sundaland (restricted to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo). More precise distribution maps for Java with collecting localities show that most species are widespread over Java or show a (more) western distribution; few species show an eastern distribution. The distributions show strong correlations with altitude (mountain species) and with precipitation (roughly wet in the west, dry in the east). The expectation was to find mainly species with a drought preference (Wallacean). However, most species show a preference for a wet distribution, which is related
to a Sunda distribution. The fact that the statistical tests used for the first database show a Wallacean connection for Java probably is the result of the relative values these test use instead of absolute numbers, e.g., the resemblance between, especially, the flora of the Lesser Sunda Islands with Java is very high.

Abstract:
Orchids are the most diverse group of epiphytes with more than two thirds of all their species being epiphytic, yet they are comparatively little studied. Colonisation, diversity and distribution of epiphytic orchids and their phorophytes (supporting trees) at 72 sites in disturbed and undisturbed natural forests of south-eastern Bangladesh were studied within a 21,070 km² area. No evidence of phorophyte specificity was found, but some phorophyte species were preferred. Most phorophytes (76%) bore only a single species of orchid in one clump. Both orchid and phorophyte species were diverse but 30% of epiphytic orchid species were restricted to a single tree. Larger trees and trees in richer orchid areas accumulated more orchids. Colonisation by an epiphytic orchid is a rare and random event, the presence of one orchid neither attracting nor repelling others on the same phorophyte. The data suggest that the frequency of colonisation by epiphytic orchids is primarily a function of the age of the phorophyte (with greater age allowing both more time and more surfaces to accumulate seeds on them) and the existing orchid richness of an area (allowing for a higher colonisation rate from local seed input). Selective logging of the oldest trees in an area would therefore cause a decline in epiphytic orchid abundance and further loss in orchid richness of the area.

Abstract:
The research was conducted to test hypotheses about the significance and influence of edaphic parameters and association patterns in governing the occurrence and abundance of the karst palm Hydriastele costata and its co-occurrence with other plant species in Waigeo Island, West Papua. The results indicate that a number of interrelating edaphic factors influence the palm’s occurrence and abundance. The palm showed a preference for dry, well-drained soil, with high magnesium (Mg2+) content. Most colonies occurred in localities where Mg2+ content was very high. High alkaline concentrations also strongly corresponded to the presence of the emergent palm. Six of 15 tropical plant species were positively associated while the rest were negatively associated with H. costata. Four species (Casuarina rumphiana, Decaspermum bracteatum, Baeckea frutescens, and Pinanga rumphiana were strongly associated with H. costata, as indicated by their high association degrees using the Ochiai indices. The palm P. rumphiana appears to have similar habitat requirements as H. costata. The xerophytic palm H. costata tended to occupy sites with medium carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios where all sampled populations occurred in habitats with average C/N values more than 10. Based on the r-squared values, exchangeable Mg2+ and calcium (Ca2+) appeared to have more influence on plant density and frequency than on crown and basal areas. The exchangeable Ca2+ contents showed a similar pattern to Mg2+ concentrations. Curiously, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), aluminium (Al3+) and hydrogen (H+) contents did not show significant relationships with the palm abundance parameters.

Abstract:
The research was conducted to test hypotheses about the significance and influence of edaphic parameters and association patterns in governing the occurrence and abundance of the karst palm Hydriastele costata and its co-occurrence with other plant species in Waigeo Island, West Papua. The results indicate that a number of interrelating edaphic factors influence the palm’s occurrence and abundance. The palm showed a preference for dry, well-drained soil, with high magnesium (Mg2+) content. Most colonies occurred in localities where Mg2+ content was very high. High alkaline concentrations also strongly corresponded to the presence of the emergent palm. Six of 15 tropical plant species were positively associated while the rest were negatively associated with H. costata. Four species (Casuarina rumphiana, Decaspermum bracteatum, Baeckea frutescens, and Pinanga rumphiana were strongly associated with H. costata, as indicated by their high association degrees using the Ochiai indices. The palm P. rumphiana appears to have similar habitat requirements as H. costata. The xerophytic palm H. costata tended to occupy sites with medium carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios where all sampled populations occurred in habitats with average C/N values more than 10. Based on the r-squared values, exchangeable Mg2+ and calcium (Ca2+) appeared to have more influence on plant density and frequency than on crown and basal areas. The exchangeable Ca2+ contents showed a similar pattern to Mg2+ concentrations. Curiously, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), aluminium (Al3+) and hydrogen (H+) contents did not show significant relationships with the palm abundance parameters.

Abstract:
Ultramafics are characterised by high concentrations of magnesium and nickel, low concentrations of calcium, low water retention capacity and low concentrations of essential plant nutrients in soils derived from this substrate. These extreme chemical soil condition force plants to adapt to survive. Sabah is one of the richest areas in the world for plant diversity on ultramafic substrates. A range of species, including a number of pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae), orchids (Orchidaceae) and trees and shrubs are endemic to ultramafic areas in Sabah, often occurring on a few, or even just a single, site. Ultramafic vegetation types in Sabah are severely threatened by land-clearing activities. Although only a small minority of the geological substrates in Sabah are ultramafic, ecosystems on these substrates have a disproportionately high number of endemic and rare plant species. Destruction of these types of ecosystems, in particular, can potentially result in extinction of plant species.

Abstract:
Lilium philippinense, endemic to the Cordillera Administrative Region (CCR) of the Philippines, grows on steep mountain slopes of Benguet and the southwestern part of the Mountain province. The flowers, fragrant and used as wedding decorations, occur from late May to July. Recent observations indicate declining populations of this species, which is said to be difficult to grow. Under greenhouse conditions, seed and bulb germination show only 27.63% and 16.67% success, respectively. The apparently acute sensitivity of this species to environmental factors such as soil pH, light, humidity, air and soil temperature, and possibilities for ex situ cultivation, are discussed.

Abstract:
The growing importance of geographical information system (GIS)-based output in the analysis of biodiversity data is due to its convenient method of spatial analysis of data and prediction of plant geographical distribution. The Interpolated Distance Weight Method (IDW) of ArcMap ArcGIS 9 was used to determine possible areas of Lilium philippinense, endemic to the Cordillera Central Range (CCR) and declining in population due to habitat destruction, swidden activities and over-collecting. The variables considered in this study are soil pH, soil phosphorus content, organic matter, elevation, latitude and longitude. All variables were studied from actual L. philippinense sites and, using IDW, prediction maps were generated that identified areas where L. philippinense are likely to thrive. The Geostatistical Analyst of ArcGIS is a useful tool for predicting potential sites for introduction of L. philippinense as an extended in-situ conservation strategy.

Abstract:
A total of 20 new localities were recorded for the genus Johannesteijsmannia since 1972, demonstrating that the genus is less restricted in its distribution in Malaysia than previously thought. Nevertheless, Johannesteijsmannia is regarded as threatened with J. lanceolata, J. magnifica and J. perakensis assessed as endangered and J. altifrons as vulnerable. Endangered status was given to endemic species with restricted occurrence and small population size found in less than five localities. Recommended conservation measures include the need to expand in situ protection for populations in vulnerable habitats, inclusion of the species into forest management plans, and establishment of a sustainable seed harvesting regime. We also suggest regular monitoring of populations situated along forest boundaries and initiation of long-term conservation biology research. Habitats at risk in Jerantut-Benta (for J. lanceolata), Serendah and Bukit Kinta Forest Reserves (for J. magnifica), and Perak, i.e., Bintang Hijau, Kledang-Saiong and Bubu Forest Reserves (for J. perakensis) should be given protected status and ex situ conservation should be implemented.

Abstract:
Paraboea (including Trisepalum) is represented by 36 species in Malaysia and displays a high level of endemism (80%) and 31 of its species are restricted to limestone habitats. Two species are endemic in Sabah, of the 11 species in Sarawak 10 are endemic, and in Peninsular Malaysia 16 of the 24 species are endemic. Paraboea culminicola K.G.Pearce and P. obovata Ridl. are reinstated as distinct species and P. madaiensis Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt is reduced to synonomy in P. sabahensis Z.R.Xu & B.L.Burtt. Based on information from the Taxon Data Information Sheet, 15 species fall within the IUCN Category of Least Concern, four as Near Threatened, three as Vulnerable, eight as Endangered, four as Critically Endangered, and three as Data Deficient. None is Extinct. Most of the endangered species (94%) grow in Peninsular Malaysia on limestone hills that do not lie within the network of Totally Protected Areas and which are threatened by burning, quarrying and habitat destruction or disturbance, from resort development or recreation or temple activities. Assignment of conservation status is the first step in planning conservation management of endangered species, through advocating legal protection of a network of limestone hills, particularly those where critically endangered species grow (e.g., Tambun Hot Springs, Perak and the Lambok hills, Kelantan), monitoring populations of Critically Endangered species, taking steps towards resolving the status of the poorly known Data Deficient species, and the establishment of endangered species ex situ.

Abstract:
Utricularia is a cosmopolitan carnivorous genus with more than 30 species in Malesia, of which 14 occur in Peninsular Malaysia. Utricularia species exhibit a range of habits including free-floating or affixed aquatic, semi-aquatic, terrestrial, lithophytic or epiphytic. In terms of habitat preference, three arbitrary groups are recognised, namely, habitat specialists, habitat generalists, and open and wayside pioneers. This grouping allows information on niches to be interpreted into conservation management measures. One third of the Peninsular Malaysian species are habitat specialists, found either in single localities or in one microhabitat. Among them, U. furcellata and U. scandens are listed as ‘Critically Endangered’ for the Red List for Peninsular Malaysia, whereas U. involvens and U. punctata are ‘Vulnerable’ and U. vitellina is ‘Rare’. Four species, U. caerulea, U. gibba, U. striatula and U. uliginosa, are found in many sites and microhabitats and are thus considered generalists, with their conservation status varying from ‘Vulnerable’ to ‘Least Concern’. Utricularia aurea, U. bifida and U. minutissima are adaptable pioneers able to co-exist with weeds and they may also be indicators of past disturbance. Two rare species, U. limosa and U. subulata, have not been relocated recently and their local habitat preferences are uncertain.

Abstract:
The Enrekang Botanic Garden is newly established in Kabupaten Enrekang, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to document and conserve the diversity of plants from the Wallacea Region. The new botanic garden is a collaborative venture since 2005, in which Kebun Raya Bogor is assisting the local authorities of Sulawesi Selatan to form a development plan and establish the garden’s living collections. The garden has developed nursery facilities, an irrigation system, and road access. A total of 4601 living plants have been planted, representing 36 families, 156 genera and 232 species.

Abstract:
The pollen morphology of three Alternanthera species, A. sessilis (L.) R.Br. ex DC., A. bettzickiana (Regel) G.Nicholson and A. paronychioides A.St.-Hil., is reported. Pollen grains of Alternanthera are dodecahedric, isopolar and small (12.56–23.57µm). The pollen morphology of the green and red varieties of A. sessilis shows no significant difference in the polar length [t (98) = -1.35, p > 0.05] and equatorial diameter [t (98) = 1.32, p > 0.05]. Apertures of A. sessilis and A. bettzickiana are pantoporate with twelve round pores, whereas the pollen grains of A. paronychioides distinctly differ from the other two species in having eighteen oval pores. The pores of all the species are covered by rectangular, sinuous, or elongated ektexinous bodies. The sexine is metareticulate and tectum perforate with unevenly distributed perforations at the top and base of the mesoporia, except in the pollen grains of A. bettzickiana, in which the perforations are distributed unevenly at the top of the mesoporia only.

Abstract:
Floral traits, flowering events, nectar production and reproductive success of Aeschynanthus horsfieldii R.Br., A. pulcher (Blume) G.Don, A. longiflorus A.DC. and Agalmyla parasitica C.B. Clarke were observed for sympatric populations in the Cibodas area, Mount Gede-Pangrango, West Java. All traits were significantly different among the species, but were associated with a bird pollination syndrome. Many flowers of Aeschynanthus longiflorus and Agalmyla parasitica failed to develop mature stigmas. Agalmyla parasitica flowers take a longer time to attract pollinators and receive pollen than the others and the filaments begin to bend earlier than the others. Aeschynanthus pulcher produces more nectar than the other species at the female phase, but the concentration was lower than in Aeschynanthus horsfieldii and Agalmyla parasitica. These seem to be correlated with the reproductive success of the respective species, with flowers of Aeschynanthus longiflorus and Agalmyla parasitica setting fewer fruit than the other two species. Flower traits and pollination shift are discussed in light of evidence that Aeschynanthus horsfieldii also attracts bumble bees (Bombus rucifes).

Abstract:
The genus Premna consists of 14 species in the Flora Malesiana area. The most common species in the region are all widespread. However, a series of morphologically closely-related, rare and generally geographically more restricted species are present in the region. These species can be characterised by three distinct morphological characters: 1) small decussate scales at the base of the young twigs, 2) a calyx that always has four isomorphic lobes, 3) a fruit that is clavoid in shape and almost single-seeded. The ecology and morphology of Premna herbacea Roxb. is unique in the genus and is the first recognised ‘pyro-herb’ in the Flora Malesiana area.

Abstract:
In vitro seed germination and induction of rooted callus formation was investigated as a preliminary study on the propagation of Tetrastigma rafflesiae as potential host plant material towards a sustainable conservation effort for Rafflesia. Seed germination of T. rafflesiae is epigeal with seedling emergence ranging 30–60 days after planting (dap), regardless of light presence. After 60 days, 54–60% of seeds germinated in media treatments. Callus formation began 7 dap in MS medium + 2 mg/L NAA, and 21 dap in MS medium + 2 mg/L 2,4-D. Browning of this medium due to phenolic compounds resulted from cutting a part of the hypocotyl. Rooting of the callus was obtained after 21 days on MS medium + 2 mg/L NAA, but was not evident with addition of 2 mg/L 2,4-D.

Abstract:
Grammitidaceae is represented by 12 genera and 52 species in Peninsular Malaysia. The rhizome morphology and anatomy of Peninsular Malaysian Grammitidaceae were studied to determine whether it can be used as a supplementary character in generic delimitation. Two types of rhizome (creeping dorsiventral or erect), three types of stipe arrangement on the rhizome (in horizontal rows, in whorls or spiral) and two types of stele (solenostele or dictyostele) were identified.

Abstract:
Traditional medicine is often considered adequate even in present times, especially when modern medical treatment is diffficult to obtain. Indonesia, a country with rich biodiversity and a multicultural society, has a wealth of medicinal plant knowledge. Observations on the ethnomedicinal practices of the Sundanese people, conducted in several villages (Cipeucang, Ciwaluh, Lengkong Girang, Lengkong Hilir and Sungapan) around the Bodogol area in West Java, are summarised.

Abstract:
A new species of Medinilla (Melastomataceae) from Celebes, Indonesia, is described. It is a terrestrial shrub or treelet with specialised leafless inflorescence-bearing, many-branched branches at the base of the boles. It is clearly distinct in habit, branch-, leaf-, flower- and fruit morphology from the few other species that are reported to have this type of flowering.

Abstract:
A natural inter-generic bamboo hybrid between Dendrocalamus pendulus and Gigantochloa scortechinii is reported for Peninsular Malaysia. The hybrid has some morphological characteristics of each parent but also shows intermediacy between the parents. We demonstrate the hybridisation using the partial Granule-Bound Starch Synthase
(GBSS) I gene sequence. The nothogenus × Gigantocalamus K.M. Wong and nothospecies × Gigantocalamus malpenensis K.M.Wong are proposed for the hybrid. We suggest that chloroplast introgression could have occurred among the parental taxa or their ancestors and that the significance of introgressive hybridisation in the complex taxonomic relationships of woody tropical bamboos in SE Asian Bambuseae has not been fully appreciated.

Abstract:
Begonia sect. Sphenanthera is characterised by robust herbs with fleshy fruits. Three species are recognised from Sumatra (Begonia longifolia Blume, B. multangula Blume and B. scottii Tebbitt) and three names have been reduced to synonyms (B. sarcocarpa Ridl. and B. turbinata Ridl. = B. longifolia Blume and B. trigonocarpa Ridl. = B. multangula Blume). All species are considered to belong to the IUCN category Least Concern as they have wide distributions within Sumatra and are known from several localities.

Abstract:
Five species are reinstated in Codonoboea Ridl. and new combinations are made for 74 species that occur in Peninsular Malaysia that were formerly included in Henckelia Spreng. Codonoboea albina (Ridl.) Kiew is reinstated at specific rank and var. winkleri (Ridl.) Kiew as a variety of C. malayana (Ridl.) Kiew. Lectotypes are designated where appropriate.

Abstract:
An historical and taxonomic review of Homalomena (excluding species assigned to the Chamaecladon Supergroup sensu Boyce & Wong) for Peninsular Malaysia is presented. Five species are recognised of which one, H. truncata (Schott) Hook.f. represents a new species record for the Peninsula. Keys to the Peninsular Malaysian Supergroups and species, and a taxonomic conspectus, are provided. Three species are illustrated from living plants, and H. wallichii from the type specimen. An historical and taxonomic review of Homalomena (excluding species assigned to the Chamaecladon Supergroup sensu Boyce & Wong) for Peninsular Malaysia is presented. Five species are recognised of which one, H. truncata (Schott) Hook.f. represents a new species record for the Peninsula. Keys to the Peninsular Malaysian Supergroups and species, and a taxonomic conspectus, are provided. Three species are illustrated from living plants, and H. wallichii from the type specimen.

Abstract:
Pycnospatha arietina Gagnep. (Araceae–Lasioideae) is recorded as a new species and genus record for Cambodia and Vietnam. An updated species description and a key to both species of Pycnospatha are provided. The Cambodian plant is figured.

Abstract:
The bamboo genus, Maclurochloa K.M.Wong, hitherto known by a single species from Peninsular Malaysia, M. montana (Ridl.) K.M.Wong, is here recorded with certainty for Thailand. Additional details of morphology based on Thai specimens and illustrations are provided.

Abstract:
The nomenclature of Uvaria velutina Roxb. ex Blume (Annonaceae) is clarified.

Abstract:
Mussaendopsis malayana T.Yamaz. (Rubiaceae), described based on material from the Malay Peninsula, is a distinct variety of Steenisia pleurocarpa (Airy Shaw) Bakh.f. It represents a new record for mainland Asia of Steenisia Bakh.f., a genus otherwise endemic to Borneo and the Natuna islands. The new combination Steenisia pleurocarpa var. malayana (T.Yamaz.) K.M.Wong is made.

Abstract:
An account of the helophytic Homalomena in Sunda is presented. Two species are recognized: H. expedita A.Hay & Hersc. and H. rostrata Griff., neither novel. Homalomena expedita is so far endemic to Sarawak, where it is known from three widely separated sites. Homalomena rostrata is widespread from Sumatera through Peninsular Malaysia to Borneo, and onwards to Maluku (Pulau Ceram). Throughout its range H. rostrata is morphologically plastic, such that it has accrued a considerable synonymy, proposed here: Homalomena beccariana Engl., H. ensiformis Alderw., H. miqueliana Schott, H. miqueliana var. truella Alderw., H. paludosa Hook.f., H. propinqua Schott, H. raapii Engl., H. sagittifolia Jungh. ex Schott, H. sagittifolia var. angustifolia Furtado, H. sagittifolia var. pontederiifolia Ridl. (including
homotypic H. ridleyana Engl.), H. sagittifolia var. sumatrana Alderw., H. teysmannii Engl., and H. triangularis Alderw. An overview of the occurrence of helophytism in Araceae, together with speculations on the evolution of helophytism in Homalomena, a key to the species, and illustrations of both species are presented.

Abstract:
Ginalloa Korth. is not represented in Peninsular Malaysia. Ginalloa siamica Craib var. scortechinii Gamble, known only from the type specimen, is conspecific with Viscum ovalifolium Wall. ex DC.

Book Review

Book Review

Book Review

Book Review