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The Malay-Borneo Exhibition (Singapore, April, 1922) with its agricultural and horticultural objects collected from all parts of the Malay Peninsula, from Sarawak and from Brunei offered an unequalled opportunity of collecting information regarding native crops and was so used. Then at its winding up, through the Committee for the Agri-Horticultural Section exhibitors were persuaded to give many of their exhibits to the Botanic Gardens, notably roots, and from among them a set of yams went into cultivation in the Economic Garden for better study. This is a report upon them. Of their genus, - the genus Dioscorea, - four species were exhibited in abundance in the following order:- Dioscorea alata, Linn. - the Greater Yam, Dioscorea esculenta, Burk. - the Lesser Yam, Dioscorea hispida, Dennst. - The Gadong, Dioscorea bulbifera, Linn. - of all four species there were exhibits from the Malay Peninsula; of the first two from Brunei; and of the first from Sarawak. Incidentally it was observed that Yam-scale exists in Malacca, Klang, Pahang and Brunei. The tubers after a preliminary disinfection, were planted on April, 21st. They were dug again on January 6th., 1923.  

 

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This orchid was brought to me by Mr. Poul Feddersen as an epiphyte which he had found near Johore Bahru. It is a typical Dendrobium of the section Sarcopodium, falling, in Dr. F. Kranzlin's arrangement of the species of Sarcopodium (Engler's Pflanzenreich, IV, 50, II B. 21, p. 321), near to Dendrobium elongatum, Lindl., but being quite distinct from it, and not possessing the affinity to the section Desmotrichum which that species has. As one of the Sarcopodiums with rather numerous flowers, and these prettily coloured, it may not be worthy of cultivation. The duration of the flowers, however, is unknown to me, and possibly it is a little exacting in the conditions of flowering.      

 

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The late Dr. Karl Schumann defined in 1899 a genus Haplochorema, with then four species from Borneo, to which he added two more from the same island in 1900.  He remarked that its affinity was close with Kaempferia, but that by having an unilocular ovary, it appeared sharply disitnguished from this and from other genera of the Zingiberaceae to which it belongs.  If the character drawn from the ovary holds good than a Sumatran plant now in cultivation in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore is also a Haplochorema: but it suggests Gastrochilus more than Kaempferia.  The ovary of all the species in these three genera should be examined afresh to decide how they differ and are to be distinguished.  Dr. T. Valeton has already questioned the soundness of Karl Schumann's judgment in regard to an unicellular ovary in a few Zingiberaceae marking them off as a genus, and in the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de Buitenzorg, series 2, No. 27, 1918, p. 115, has reminded us that Curcuma Kunstleri, Baker, may possess one as an abnormality.

 

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When a traveller ascends from the Semangkok pass to Fraser Hill, he passes at about 3300 feet out of a very lofty forest into one of lesser growth - its tall trees being 80 - 100 feet high at Fraser Hill. At a little distance from Fraser Hill where the range runs higher, about say 4700 feet, another type of forest appears, being of lesser growth and more mossy. The forest which we have studied especially is a part of that between 3300 and 4700 feet, namely that at Fraser Hill itself between 4000 and 4370 feet. Of its woody shading plants 57% are confined to the Peninsula, of its epiphytes 64% and its ground vegetation (seed plants) 63%. These are high percentages and indicate a considerable isolation of the mountains of the Peninsula. The species of the forest which are not endemic exist for the most part as lowland plants in the south of the Peninsula; by doing which they suggest that when the Peninsula was joined by land to Sumatra or to Borneo the land bridge was in climate and want of elevation as Johore and Singapore. It is clear that the montane species did not cross it. These montane species were evolved locally from typically Malaysian genera, and do not declare themselves immigrants evolved elsewhere. All their genera except Daphne, Geostachys, and Nenga are known from Borneo and all except Leptorrhyncha, Blastus, Anerincleistus, Phyllagathis, Filitia, Dacrydium, Agathis (introduced however) Camptandra, Geostachys and Joinvillea are known from Java; whereas as many as 60 of the genera are absent from Ceylon. We recognise as present another flora - the flora that requires open ground. It is small and of mixed origin, for there are in it species whose genesis would seem to be upon ground bared by landslides, and there are intruders following man. The flora is rather small for analysis though very interesting.  

 

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In this enumeration the literature cited is the last only which sums up in any way the distribution of the plants in various parts of Western Malaysia.

 

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If reference be made to this Bulletin Vol. 2, No. 1, 1918, p. 9, a note will be found by Prof. C.F. baker upon lettuces tried by him in the Econimic Garden, Singapore. Since then, other lettuces have been tried, and the last of the experiments done, will be reported on here. The seed came from three different firms, Messrs, Sutton and Sons, Reading, England; Messrs. Vilmorin, Paris; and Messrs. Dreer & Co. Philadelphia U.S.A. The lettuces of different origin could not be tried against each other, as it was impossible to sow them together, but those from each firm were grown side by side.

 

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Within the last few years a little information has rreached the Botanic Gardens upon plants raised in the north of the Peninsula for the sake of the blue dye that they yield; and three have been submitted for determination being :- Indigofera suffruticosa, Mill. Strobilanthes flaccidifolius, Nees, and Marsdenia tinctoria, R. Br.

 

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The recent fruiting of the Cohune palm, believed to be its first in the Malay Peninsula, calls for more than a bald record. With object in view the following notes have been prepared and give (1) a short description of the plant, (2) its native habitat, (3) its uses, so far known, (4) the results analysis of the Nut and difficulties in oil extraction, (5) its possibilities.  The plants mentioned above, as having fruited, are situated for the most part in the Botanic Gardens, Singapore: but two of a row of four plants in front of the Raffles Museum, Singapore, have also fruited. These plants are all about the same height and were probably raised from one particular batch of seeds, several consignments of which have been received and successfully raised at the Botanic Gardens, at various times. In view of this it can be safely assumed that all the plants now fruiting are of the same age. No record has been found to indicate the exact age of the trees, but as a result of careful enquiries it has been established beyong doubt, that they are from 25 to 30 years old.  Care has been taken to avoid understanding the age, in order that experiments from a commercial point of view, should not be attempted under a misapprehension as to the length of time which must elapse between the time of sowing the seed and the fruiting period. Up to the latter part of 1918, the plants of Attalea Cohune in the Botanic Gardens, Peradeniya, Ceylon had not produced fruits.   

 

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In the Gardens' Bulletin (this volume No. 3, 1918, pp. 87-91) short notes were given upon the above named two West African Dioscoreas, being important foods of many millions of Negroes. In it the identity of the second with Dioscorea cayensis was stated; but no latin name was used for the first; and the purpose of returning to the subject here is to suggest that it is D. rotundata, Poiret (encyclopedie methodique, supplement, vol. III, 1913, p. 139). D. rotundata was described upon a specimen from the New World: but that Poiret could arrive at describing an African plant as West Indian is very easily understood.

 

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In a very interesting account of "The origin and ethnological significance of Indian boat designs" (Memoirs Asiatic Soc. Bengal, VII. 1920, p. 139 - 256) Mr. James Howell suggests that a boat-using community once occupied the coasts of Southern India which was of Negrito stock, and this was followed by a proto-Polynesian stock, and then by the Malaysian wave which reached Madagascar. Later the Dravidians came into Southern India and Ceylon from the Mediterranean by land, and completely absorbed the sea-going people whom they found already there. These suggestions are worth remembering in connection with the migration of useful plants: the coconut for instance may have reached India by the agency of the second stock.

 

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In the paper which appeared under the above title in the April number of the Gardens' Bulletin, several points of interest to the prospective planter of the oil-palm were touched upon, which it is now proposed to treat more fully.

 

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One of the first things noticed by the newcomer to the East is the red appearance on the lips and teeth of the natives together with their habit of chewing. He may also observe, particularly in country districts, that many of the natives carry a small tin or receptacle of some description about with them. A peep into the tin would bring to light various things but chief amongst them would be found some betel nut and betel leaves.  These form the chief constituents of the mixture known as "betel" which is chewed by many of the Eastern people. In towns the mixture may be seen ready made up for sale.  It is inteded to give a brief outline of these two ingredients namely Betel Nut, the seeds of Areca Catechu, L., and Betel leaf, the leaf of Piper betle, L. The production of the former particularly, is essentially a native industry and is interesting on the account.   

 

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The Chinese who grow yams in the Malay Peninsula do not trouble to stake them.  This fails to obtain the best yield and should be remedied.

 

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The question as to what extent groups of trees are effected by lightning and how far the damage extends after they have been struck is frequently discussed on estates where apprehension is often felt as to how wide a circle from the tree actually struck will be affected. The following extract taken from the Indian Forester Vol. XLVI. No. 3. contains interesting observations on this subject.

 

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In clearing the jungle from an estate it is often a great source of trouble and expense to get rid of the large jungle trees. Too often does one see their stumps and roots remaining, a ready centre of fungus infection to the rubber trees just when they are beginning to bear at their best. The following note taken from the Indian Forester, May,1920, may be of assistance to those about to clear jungle. Of course this method can only be employed whilst the tree is yet living.

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Although we are only at a beginning of our study of the cryptogamic flora of Malaya, it has been found that in collecting together the information already published in separate papers the material has been provided for a nucleus of a Host Index for this country. It has been considered advisable that this information should be published forthwith in index form and added to as further records are established, rather than delay publication for some years in order to obtain a more complete work. In considering the form this work should take it has been deemed expedient to include all fungi recorded on a plant rather than only those that have hitherto been definitely determined as parasites. The advantage of such a list being in the first place that it is very difficult to establish definitely which are parasites and which are saprophytes, and secondly fungi determined as saprophytes now may in a little while be found to be parasites. In this matter the following list differs somewhat from the Host Indexes that have been issued for other countries. Many well known diseases often regarded as quite common will not be found included as it often proves on investigation that such popular beliefs have not been actually recorded by the scientist. The arrangement of the list is alphabetically under the host plants. A systematic arrangements of hosts was considered to limit the use of such list as this to those few scientists who are familiar with systematic botany, and as it is hoped this list will prove useful to a larger circle the alphabetical arrrangement has been adopted. For a similar reason the descriptions of the fungi have been given in popular language rather than scientific. The material from which this list has been compiled is the work of H. N. Ridley, W. J. Gallagher, K. Bancroft, A. Sharples, W. N. C. Belgrave, R. M. Richards and C. F. Baker published during the past few years in local bulletins and periodicals.

 

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Though not badly attacked as a whole by pests, palms have a number of enemies which have to be dealt with. In view of this fact it is felt that a few words concerning them, together with a few notes for guidance in dealing with them, would be helpful. These pests are practically all insects, being for the most part beetles and their larvae, the larvae of one or two butterflies, grasshoppers, scale, etc. The plants do not seem to suffer much from fungus diseases, in fact up to the present only two cases have come to the notice of the writer, these being on two species of Cocos which were attacked by a leaf fungus. The following is an enumeration of the chief pests so far noted in the Botanic Gardens.

 

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Two cases of what presumably are cases of polyembryony were recently noticed by Mr. G. B. Deshmukh on germinating seeds in the Economic Gardens.

 

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The following extracts are taken from a report read by Mr. W. Nowell, D.I.C., Mycologist, Imperial Department of Agriculture, Trinidad on Oct. 16, 1919, and published in the " Agricultural News " Vol. XVIII, No. 460. It is considered it may be of interest to local growers of coconuts. 

 

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The sources from which paper pulp can be obtained are continually being discussed especially with a view to seeing what products of tropical forests or open country that are at present wasted can be turned to good account. The results of investigations on bamboos, grasses, ets., are given in Bulletin No. 16 of the Philippines Bureau of Forestry.

 

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In the last issue of the Garden's Bulletin page 205, mention was made of a beetle attacking the Lima Beans in the Economic Gardens.  Other material was collected and forwarded to the Imperial Bureau of Entomology. In his reply the Director states :- "The fly is Agromyza phaseoli, Coq. a widely distributed pest of beans. The beetle belongs to the family Eumolpidae, the species being Pagria flavopustulata, Baly. " With regards to the methods for dealing with bean-fly, the remedies of which I enclose particular have been adopted with success in Australia. 

 

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