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The present paper contains an account of all ferns known to have been collected on Mount Kinabalu, with the exception of the latest Clemens collections. The occasion from its preparation is the recent collections made on the mountain by the present writer and by the Clemens expedition (still in the field); these include a large number of previously unrecorded species. At the time of my visit to Kinabalu, Dr. Carl Christensen has for some time past been intending to work out a critical review of all Bornean ferns, and had examined a large number of type specimens; he had also examined almost all previous Kinabalu collections. He was therefore the person best fitted to deal with the new material, and kindly consented to work over my collections, a complete set of which were sent to him.  Subsequently I undertook to sort over the Clemens fern collections, which I named in comparison with my own material; the determination of the Clemens collections of the higher numbers (from 26,000 upwards) is therefore due to me, with exception of some critical specimens referred to Dr. Christensen.  The publication of an account of the Clemens collection, which adds a number of species to the total, is made possible by the consent of the Keeper of Botany at the British Museum (Natural History), and Mr. Clemens, to whom I tender my best thanks. The greater part of the critical and descriptive section of this paper is due to Dr. Christensen. In some cases, with more ample material for examination, and my observations of plants in the field, I have added critical notes myself, and four new species are described by me. All such cases bear my name or initials. Any field notes contained in the general list are also written by me, but are not initialled. In this paper are also described a few ferns collected in other parts of British North Borneo (chiefly in the neighbourhood of Sandakan) by Mr. C. Boden Kloss in1927.  Specimens collected by me at Kudat, and also collections from Sarawak and elsewhere by Dr. E. Mjoberg and others, examined by Dr. Christensen, are in some cases also cited as examples of the species concerned and as records of distribution. The total number of species, from Kinabalu and its foothills, here enumerated is 417, the new collections accounting for about half of this figure. Of these, 30 are described as new species; in addition, Asplenium Klossii from Sandakan is described. The new species and new combinations are indicated in distinctive type in  the index at the end of this paper.

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In the following paper forty-five species of flowering plants are recorded as additions to the flora of the Malay Peninsula, and a few nomenclatorial changes are made. Of these forty-five species, twenty-nine are described as new to science. The recent more intensive exploration of the limestone areas are of the Peninsula has yielded a number of interesting plants, sixteen additions being recorded from these areas, including four genera hitherto unknown in the Peninsula. Cameron's Highlands, an extremely interesting area from a botanical point of view, has also added three genera to the flora as well as six new species. In all, no fewer than nine genera are here recorded which are additions to the flora. They are Acanthopanax ( Araliaceae), Ainsliaea (Compositae), Cipadessa (Meliaceae), Keenania (Rubiaceae), Myriophyllum (Halorrhagaceae), Pistacia (Anacardiaceae), Richeriella (Euphorbiaceae), Sumbaviopsis (Euphorbiaceae), Sycopsis (Hamamelidaceae). It is interesting to note that of these the following are unknown from the Malay Islands, but that each has a representative in Luzon in the Philippines : - Acanthopanax, Pistacia and Sycopsis. The genus Richeriella has hitherto been known only from one species in the Philippines. I am indebted to the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the staff of the Herbarium ; to Mr. H. N. Ridley and Dr. E. D. Merrill for much kindly help ; and to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg and the Bureau of Science, Manila for the loan of valuable material for comparison. The drawings in this paper have all been made from herbarium specimens.

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For some months during 1932, by the courtesy of the Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, I had the opportunity of studying the Dipterocarpaceae in the herbarium there. Examination of the type material reveals the necessity for re-adjustment of our conception of the botanical status of some of our trees and considerable reduction to synonymy with the consequent alteration of some of the accepted names. I am dealing in this number mainly with some of our species of Shorea but include also Balanocarpus multiflorus, which is more closely related to a group of Shorea including S. Faguetiana and S. hopeifolia than to some of the other species of its genus, and has therefore been studied here. With the synonymy I have given any references to literature or iconography affecting the argument of which may help to a clearer understanding of the species through description or figure. In many cases I have added short descriptive notes which seem to me desirable for a more complete understanding of the botanical characters of the species. The concluding paragraph of the notes under each species is for the benefit of Malayan Forest Officers who are concerned less with the details of synonymy than a botanical name for the trees they meet in the jungle. The majority of the drawings of leaves and inflorescence are by Mr. Wong Sze Moy of the Forest Research Institute, Kepong. The drawing of the flower parts I have done myself. I am particularly grateful to Mr. Henderson of the Herbarium, Singapore, for assistance in the publication of these notes and to Dr. van Slooten of Buitenzorg for most generously lending me valuable type sheets.

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On account of economic circumstances it will take a considerable time before my studies on the Malayan Ebenaceae can be printed in full. It is evident that the elaboration of such a complicated family as the Ebenaceae necessitated the removal of a large number of old specific names and a considerable addition of new ones. Therefore, to avoid further confusion in the nomencalture of the family, it is necessary to give at least a superficial survey, as soon as possible, of the results obtained. The following contribution serves to enumerate the number of species which, in my opinion, occur within both the Malay Archipelago and Peninsula. While studying the Ebenaceae of the Malay region, I became fully convinced that no valid grounds can be found for keeping the genus Maba separate from Diospyros. Hiern in his excellent monograph did not succeed in laying down hard and fast boundaries between the two genera on natural principles. But, when that work was published in 1873, much less material of intermediate and transition forms was known than at the present time. Therefore I decided to unite the genera Diospyros (sensu stricto) and Maba into one: Diospyros sensu latiore, the more so as it is impossible to indicate any practical advantage in the separation. In order not ot lose sight of the old genus Maba, I thought it advisable to give it the rank of a sub-division together with three other subgenera, into which I now divide the enlarged genus Diospyros L., as far as the Malayan regions are concerned.

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The following paper by Mr. Carr contains descriptions of one new genus (Cheirorchis) and 25 new species of orchids from the Malay Peninsula, 26 new records of previously described species found for the first time in the Peninsula, and three new varieties; there are also eight new combinations and notes on the nomenclature of some other species. There are three new species of Bulbophyllum & Epicrianthes, bringing the Peninsula total of this very curious group to seven. The first Peninsula representive of Bulbophyllum & Polyplepharon is also described. The new species and new records are largely due to Mr. Carr's own collecting activities; most of the remainder are based on specimens collected by officers of the Singapore Gardens. The only non-Peninsular plant here described is Vanda tricolor var. purpurea, from the island of Alor, a number of plants of which are now in cultivation in SIngapore. The new species are: Coelogyne membranifolia, Microstylis reniloba, Diplocaulobium malayanum, Desmotrichum compressibulbum, Dendrobium striatellum, D. procumbens, D. ustulatum, Bulbophyllum poekilon, B. Corneri, B. abbrevilabium, B. haniffii, B. nigropurpureum, B. malleolabrum, B. carunculaelabrum, B. diplantherum, B. chekaense, B. cyclosepalon, Thelasis succosa, Adenoncos vesiculosa, Cheirorchis breviscarpa, C. major, C. pulverulenta, Thrixspermum tenuicalcar, T. pulchrum, Pomatocalpa elongatum, Microsaccus truncatus. The new varieties are: Dendrobium metachilinum Rchb. f. v. crenulatum, Bulbophyllum uniform Hassk. v. pluriflorum, Vanda tricolor Lindl. v purpurea. The new combinations are : Desmotrichum luxurians, Bulbophyllum taluense, Bulbophyllum uniform var. variebile, B. uniflorum var. rubrum, Chamaeanthus sarcanthoides, Cheirorchis filiformis, Cheirorchis fulgens, Abdominea macranthera. An index of species names will be found at the end of this paper.

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In Mr. Ridley's Flora of the Malay Peninsula, Vol. IV, four species of the genus Taeniophyllum are described. Since the publication of that work thirteen additional species have been discovered, chiefly in Pahang, twelve of them being regarded as new species. These new species are here described and illustrated, and a key is given covering all the species now known to occur in the Peninsula. Of those described by Mr. Ridley, T. macrorrhizum Ridl. is found to be identical with T. filiforme J. J. S., and T. serrula Hook. fil. with T. obtusum Bl.

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Two species have been called Fomes lamaensis (Murr.) Sacc. et. Trott. The one which rightly bears the name is a harmless saprophyte; the other, which I propose to call F. noxius, is a facultative parasite and it is the cause of the Brown-root disease of rubber-trees and tea-bushes and, as it seems, of the stem-rot of oil palms which Thompson has recently described (9). The confusion arose through an error of Lloyd's in referring to F. lamaensis specimens of the Brown-root fungus which Petch had sent from Ceylon, and his identification is now current in the phytopahthological literature (8). The two species are extremely close; in mycelial characters and in the general construction of the fruit-body they are indistinguishable; and there is evidence that they may hybridise. But they differ in certain microscopic details of the fruit-body and once these are understood they cannot be mistaken. Only after the minutest investigation, however, has it been possible to state these distinctions clearly. The results show too well how misleading may be the attempts to recognise polypores from their macroscopic characters, not merely because in the tropics there are so many radically different species which are superficially alike, but fundamentally because the fruit-bodies are made of hyphae and in ignorance of the hyphal properties the species cannot be defined. The first part of this paper is therefore anatomical. In the second part I have compared the three species - F. lamaensis, F. noxius and F. pachyphloeus - in this detailed aspect, and lastly I have drawn up a description of each for reference. F. pachyphloeus I have included, advisedly, because its fruit-bodies have essentially the same construction and are much the easiest to examine and also, because F. noxius resembles it in certain respects rather than F. lamaensis, and as both may be parasitic, they too can be mistaken. The presence of two kinds of hyphae in the fruit-body of F. lamaensis has been held to be distinctive, there being stout, thick-walled, dark brown hyphae and slender, thin-walled, more or less colourless hyphae, but I have shown that this is a common feature in the genus (3). I have called it the dimitic type of construction, with thick-walled, unbranched skeletal hyphae and thin-walled branching generative hyphae, in F. levigatus and F. senex which are typical. But there is good evidence for believing that the thick-walled elements in in F. lamaensis and its allies, are not homologous with those of F. levigatus and its allies, so that by stating the case differently and with greater precision, the hyphal construction of F. lamaensis is found to be distinctive. The thick-walled elements in F. lamaensis and its allies I shall call therefore extrahymenial setae, in order to distinguish them from the hymenial setae, and not skeletal hyphae, and briefly for these reasons, though the full explanation must be deferred until a later paper, when the structure of other species has been described. In true dimity the skeletal hyphae far outnumber the generative hyphae, which lie concealed among them, and and they build the stroma. In F. lamaensis and its allies, the thick-walled elements play little or no part in the formation and strengthening of the fruit-body: the generative hyphae build the stroma, and the hard agglutinated tissue on the upper side and round the tubes provides the support: the thick-walled elements are merely scattered throughout in inferior numbers and they are always of vey limited growth, rarely exceeding half a millimeter in length: in F. pachyphloeus, they may appear as seldom as needles strewn in a haystack, the straws of which would be the generative hyphae. Moreover, they are in the dissepiments elements intermediate between the hymenial and extrahymenial setae which do not exist in cases of true dimity; and there is a species which Lloyd called F. oroniger (? = F. melanodermus Pat.), which has both incipientskeletals in the flesh like Polyporus gilvus and extrahymenial setae in the desspiments like F. pachyphloeus without there being intermediate states.

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Throughout the 19th. Century the ferns variously ascribed to the above genera were a puzzle to systematists; material was inadequate, and no critical study was made by anyone who had access to the plants in the field. The similatity of adult form in the three groups and the extraordinary degree of polymorphism of juvenile stages of some species led to confusion. An exaggerated idea of possible polymorphism within a species became prevalent, and many quite distinct species were lumped together. Underwood in 1906 was the first author who made a satisfactory arrangement of the species; but he also, through lack of material and of first hand acquaintance with living plants, did not do justice to Teratophyllum. In the past few years I have been able to make frequent observations on the species of Teratophyllum occurring in the Malay Peninsula, and believe that the present account of these is fairly complete. I have also made anatomical observations on these plants, and on species of Stenochlaena and Lomariopsis. Through the courtesy of the Directors of the Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg and the Bureau of Science, Manila, and of Dr. E. B. Copeland, I have been able to examine the specimens of these genera from the herbaria of Buitenzorg, Manila, and the University of California and from Dr. Copeland's own herbarium; I am greatly indebted for the loan of this valuable material. which has enabled me to give a fairly full account of the species throughout the Malayan region. Further material of many species however greatly to be desired especially from Borneo and New Guinea. To the Keeper of the Herbarium at Kew I am indebted for photographs of specimens in the Kew Herbarium, and information concerning other specimens. To Dr. van Leeuwen I am indebted for a copy of Raciborski's original description of Acrostichum Smithii; to Dr. C. Christensen for advice and information; and to Dr. G. A. C. Herklots for collections of Teratophyllum aculeatum and Asplenium epiphyticum from Las Banos.

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