Abstract:
No family has such small standardised flowers, yet such an astonishing array of infructescences. Acquaintance with Morus leads to the supposition that these tropical accomplishments are recent developments of little significance to scientific theory. Acquaintance with the tropical plants shows, in contrast, that Morus is one of the more derived and reduced genera conforming with temperate simplicity. By denying itself so much in this way that is tropical, botany loses its grip.  Ficus and Artocarpus are two vivid lights, but no student of the phylogeny of flowering plants has seen them. As morphology shifts to the tropics, the family will be appreciated. It holds many fascinating problems of vestigal features, tranference of function, and parallel evoloution. My contribution now is merely an interim development of the static classification into which the family has subsided. Much has still to be learnt of the American genera, not only from the herbarium, but from the forests in which they survive. There is, for instance, the unique Palmolmedia described by Ducke in 1939.

Abstract:
A Forester's Manual of Brunei's Dipterocarpaceae is in preparation. The present paper provides descriptions for species which will be included in the Manual but which have not as yet been published. Of these several have been recognised for some time past by foresters; Hopea vaccinifolia, Shorea geniculata, and S. myrionerva were recognised but not described by Symington over twenty years ago, and these names were used by him and subsequent collectors on herbarium sheets. Wyatt-Smith prepared, but did not complete, a paper on the tree Parashorea species, and I am grateful to him for handing this over to me for completion. S. rubra, S. agami, and S. flaviflora were names suggested by G.H.S. Wood, and preparatory notes were made by him for description of the latter. S. slooteni was described by him in ms. as S. vanslooteni, and S. pilosa as S. tomentosa. The very distinct S. isoptera was named by Wood in ms. as Neohopea isoptera, but I am of the opinion that its affinities are too close to Shorea to merit generic status. Kepong code letters were assigned to several of the species here described: P. macrophylla = P.sp.P., P. parvifolia = P. sp. D., P. smythiesii = P. sp. C., S. acuta = S. sp. V., S. agami = S. sp. L. and S. sp. G3 , S. amplexicaulis = S. sp. P., S. faguetioides = S. sp. T., S. minor = S. sp. X3, S. revoluta = S. sp. V, S. rubella = S. sp. A3 and S. sp. H3, S. rubra = S. sp. J3, S. slooteni = S. sp. N1.  I am particularly grateful for the continued encouragement and advice of Mr. B. E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests at Kuching, and one time State Forest Officer, Brunei, who has put his great knowledge of Borneo's Dipterocarps at my disposal; to Mr. E.J.H. Corner, F.R.S., for advice on numerous points and for correcting the proofs; to Inche Yakin bin Long, State Forest Officer, Brunei, for his enthusiastic support and for his aid in obtaining for me the type material of Hopeagarangbuaya, Parashorea macrohylla, and Shorea bullata; and to Dr. W. Meijer, Forest Botanist, Sandakan, for his close co-operation and for supplying notes on several species.  Lastly, but by no means least, I wish to record the friendly and ever helpful partnership of Ladi anak Nantah, who climbed the trees and obtained the collections on which these descriptions are largely based, and with whom I spent three very happy years exploring the forests of Brunei.  Thanks are also due to Mr. Brian Golding of the Botany School, Cambridge University, for his painstaking preparation of the plates.  This paper is the first of several which will be jointly published with Dr. Meijer, in order to bring our greatly increasing knowledge of Borneo Dipterocarpaceae up to date.        

Abstract:
Bark Surface Pattern and slash in Dipterocarpaceae were interpreted in terms of structure and seven main Bark Types described (Whitmore 1962 a, b) which are general categories consisting of a number of Bark Manifestations that differ slightly in structure, hence in surface pattern and slash, from the general Type. The Bark Manifestations are practical categories distinct in the forest and are described and keyed here. A key is given to the Bark Types.  The kinds of variation in bark are described and their relative importance ascertained from detailed study of a few species. The main survey is based on 103 species in 7 genera (appendix 1). Their bark is described genus by genus, and the bark present throughout life shown diagrammetically (appendix 2 justifies the inductions on which the diagrams are based). The use of bark for formal taxonomy and forest recognition is reviewed. Bark provides valuable taxonomic information: Symington's taxonomic groups are in main confirmed, and in some cases extended, particularly to include Bornean species.  Comment is made on a number of outstanding taxonomic problems of individual species and a few new problems indicated. There is no evidence of adaptive bark differences between species of Rain forest proper and drier forests.  Twenty one species and many species groups can be recognised in the forest; some previously confused. Scaly barks are distinguished; little is added to previously distinctions within Dipterocarpaceae. It is suggested that the use of the bark for forest recognition could be very considerably extended in families less well known to foresters.  

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Abstract:
Malaya has numerous rivers, swamps, paddy fields and ponds of various kinds, and one would naturally expect to find an abundance of Flagellata in these waters. Despite this, very little is known of the forms which occur in this area, largely because it has been only in recent years that attention has been turned to the freshwater microflora of Malaya. In addition , for accurate determination the Flagellata must be studied in the living state, or at least freshly killed with osmic acid vapour. Most fixatives, like Formalin or alcohol, cause such distortion of the organism that it is recognisable only with great difficulty. Thus, what knowledge we have of the Flagellata is confined to those forms collected from easily accessible places, and as more extensive areas are covered we may expect the number of described species to increase considerably. References to the Malayan freshwater flagellates are few and scanty in content, and with the exception of my own longer paper on the Eugleninceae (Prowse 1958), have all been based on preserved specimens examined far from the native habitat. The present paper cannot be regarded as in any way complete, even in those groups discussed in it; the Volvocales, Xanthophyceae and the Dinophyceae are omitted and will be described in later papers. Most of the material on which this paper is based has been examined immediately after collection, both living, and freshly killed with osmic acid vapour. In some cases, especially with those organisms inhabiting polluted waters, the material has been examined again after keeping it in the laboratory for several days. In a few cases the organisms have been studied in culture, although in no cases were the cultures absolutely free from other organisms. Drawings were all carried out with the aid of a camera lucida, using an Ortholux microscope; any inaccuracies are therefore my own. Since this paper is not intended to be in any way complete, I have refrained from constructing keys beyond the level of genera. Species are listed alphabetically under the genus. The Euglenineae described here is additional to those mentioned in an earlier paper (Prowse 1958), and as only one genus, Rhizaspis, has been added to the earlier list, it has been felt not necessary to construct a new key. The Flagellata are so called because of the presence of one or more protoplasmic threads, the flagella, by means of which the organism is propelled in the water. Originally the term was used to distinguish naked flagellate forms from those forms such as the Volvacales which possess a cell wall. This distinction is no longer valid, since in the Chlorophyceae there are a few naked flagellate members. particularly in the Polyblepharidaceae, whilst thalloid and filamentous development has also been found in other groups such as the Xanthophyceae, Chrysophyceae and even the Dinophyceae. As now used, the term Flagellata embraces a diverse assemblage of forms belonging to well-defined and differing classes, and includes as well a somewhat heterogeneous collection of colourless of forms whose affinities are uncertain. Apart from this latter which cannot be constituited a true class, each group includes holophytic pigmented forms, and also colourless forms amongst which the mode of nutrition may range from saprophytic to completely holozoic. There are even species containing chromatophores which can display holozoic nutrition (e.g. Chrysamoeba) and these often show amoeboid characters, as do several of the colourless forms. The distinguishing features of each group will be dealt with under the class headings, although the key will also include brief reference to them.

Abstract:
The publication of Dr. N. L. Bor's "The Grasses of Burma, Ceylon, India and Pakistan" in 1960 makes possible to draw up a check list of the grasses of the Malay Peninsula with reasonably up to date names.  In point of time, the first synthesis of our knowledge of the grasses of the Malay Peninsula was prepared by Sir Joseph Hooker in his "Flora of British India" Vol. VII which was published in 1897. That great graminologist, Dr. Otto Stapf, had just recently joined the staff of the Kew Herbarium and assisted with this account. Since Burma and the Malay Peninsula were at that time administered from India, the plants of Burma and the Malay Peninsula were included in that monumental work. Simultaneously an independent synthesis of plant records for the Malay Peninsula was begun by Dr. King - then Curator of the Calcutta Herbarium in association with Mr. J. S. Gamble and many other botanists. This is commonly referred to as King & Gamble's "Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula", and was published in the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal between 1889 and 1908. This, however, did not include the Monocotyledons which were specially dealt with by H. N. Ridley, then Director of the Botanic Gardens of Singapore and the Straits Settlements, under the title of "Materials for a Flora of the Malay Peninsula - Monoctoyledons" in 1907 / 1908.  Volume III of his work, published in 1907, contains the first complete account of the grasses of Malaya. On retirement Mr. Ridley devoted his time to a further study of the Flora of Malaya at Kew, and in 1925 published Volume V of "The Flora of the Malay Peninsula" which carried our knowledge of Malayan grasses a stage further. Mr. I. H. Burkill, who from 1912 to 1925 had succeeded Ridley as Director of the Botanic Gardens of Singapore and the Straits Settlements, published in 1935 a "Dictionary of the Economic Products of the Malay Peninsula" in 2 volumes. This contains further references to and discussions of many Malayan grasses. The first work to merit discussion thereafter was a paper by P. Jansen, a botanist on the staff of the Flora Malesiana Foundation at Leyden, who published "Notes of Malaysian Grasses" in Reinwardtia, Vol. II, part 2, in 1953. Many references to herbaceous grasses of the Malay Peninsula occur in this paper.  Meantime M. R. Henderson, by now Director of the Botanic Gardens Singapore, produced the volume entitled "Malayan Wild Flowers - Monocotyledons" published by the Malayan Nature Society in Kuala Lumpur in 1954.  This contains a useful account of the commoner Malayan herbaceous grasses.  It will be noted that the last two works referred to have discussed the grasses without references to the aborescent bamboos.  However, Dr. R. E. Holttum, former Director of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore and first Professor of Botany at the University of Malaya, had been making a study of the bamboos and was able to bring our knowledge of this interesting and important group in Malaya up to date in a paper published in 1958 in the Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore.  Actually, Professor Holttum had prepared a manuscript account of the grasses of the Malay Peninsula which he very kindly passed on to the present list.  Comments on the significance of the geographical distirbution of the present records will appear elsewhere.          

Abstract:
While comparing some recent collections, I noticed a great deal of confusion in the Singapore herbarium in the determinations of the specimens belonging to Brachenbridgea.  In Ridley's Flora of the Malay Peninsula I (1922), this material is referred to Gomphia hookeri and G. corymbosa, but since the main distinction is made on the colour of the flowers, whether they are red or white, many errors have crept in the naming of the species.  Further G. hookeri was established on a Penang specimen which had a red fruiting calyx. Some authors mistook this to mean that the species produced red flowers.  Actually the flowers are white, the red being developed in the pedicel, calyx and disc after the flowers have been fertilised and the petals shed. As a result all our recent material from Penang has been referred to G. corymbosa - a white flowered shrub which does not seem to develop the red pigment in the flowers after their being fertilised. Ridley overlooked the important paper by van Tieghem (Ann. Sci. Nat. VIII, 1902 pp. 393 - 399) where three new species were added to the genus Brackenridgea, besides the rwo mentioned by Ridley under Gomphia.  Two of these, B. rubescens and B. kingii are reduced to B. palustris, described originally from Borneo; the third B. perakensis has been reduced here as synonym of B. hookeri.  In addition Singapore has been credited with a new species, B. denticulata.  I mention here two extra Malayan species, one, B. serrulata, because it has leaves with spiny margins as in B. denticulata, and second, B. foxworthyi (Elm.) comb. nov. because it is an addition to the genus; it has also spinulose leaf margins.      

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Abstract:
No family has such small standardised flowers, yet such an astonishing array of infructescences. Acquaintance with Morus leads to the supposition that these tropical accomplishments are recent developments of little significance to scientific theory. Acquaintance with the tropical plants shows, in contrast, that Morus is one of the more derived and reduced genera conforming with temperate simplicity. By denying itself so much in this way that is tropical, botany loses its grip.  Ficus and Artocarpus are two vivid lights, but no student of the phylogeny of flowering plants has seen them. As morphology shifts to the tropics, the family will be appreciated. It holds many fascinating problems of vestigal features, tranference of function, and parallel evoloution. My contribution now is merely an interim development of the static classification into which the family has subsided. Much has still to be learnt of the American genera, not only from the herbarium, but from the forests in which they survive. There is, for instance, the unique Palmolmedia described by Ducke in 1939.

Abstract:
A Forester's Manual of Brunei's Dipterocarpaceae is in preparation. The present paper provides descriptions for species which will be included in the Manual but which have not as yet been published. Of these several have been recognised for some time past by foresters; Hopea vaccinifolia, Shorea geniculata, and S. myrionerva were recognised but not described by Symington over twenty years ago, and these names were used by him and subsequent collectors on herbarium sheets. Wyatt-Smith prepared, but did not complete, a paper on the tree Parashorea species, and I am grateful to him for handing this over to me for completion. S. rubra, S. agami, and S. flaviflora were names suggested by G.H.S. Wood, and preparatory notes were made by him for description of the latter. S. slooteni was described by him in ms. as S. vanslooteni, and S. pilosa as S. tomentosa. The very distinct S. isoptera was named by Wood in ms. as Neohopea isoptera, but I am of the opinion that its affinities are too close to Shorea to merit generic status. Kepong code letters were assigned to several of the species here described: P. macrophylla = P.sp.P., P. parvifolia = P. sp. D., P. smythiesii = P. sp. C., S. acuta = S. sp. V., S. agami = S. sp. L. and S. sp. G3 , S. amplexicaulis = S. sp. P., S. faguetioides = S. sp. T., S. minor = S. sp. X3, S. revoluta = S. sp. V, S. rubella = S. sp. A3 and S. sp. H3, S. rubra = S. sp. J3, S. slooteni = S. sp. N1.  I am particularly grateful for the continued encouragement and advice of Mr. B. E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests at Kuching, and one time State Forest Officer, Brunei, who has put his great knowledge of Borneo's Dipterocarps at my disposal; to Mr. E.J.H. Corner, F.R.S., for advice on numerous points and for correcting the proofs; to Inche Yakin bin Long, State Forest Officer, Brunei, for his enthusiastic support and for his aid in obtaining for me the type material of Hopeagarangbuaya, Parashorea macrohylla, and Shorea bullata; and to Dr. W. Meijer, Forest Botanist, Sandakan, for his close co-operation and for supplying notes on several species.  Lastly, but by no means least, I wish to record the friendly and ever helpful partnership of Ladi anak Nantah, who climbed the trees and obtained the collections on which these descriptions are largely based, and with whom I spent three very happy years exploring the forests of Brunei.  Thanks are also due to Mr. Brian Golding of the Botany School, Cambridge University, for his painstaking preparation of the plates.  This paper is the first of several which will be jointly published with Dr. Meijer, in order to bring our greatly increasing knowledge of Borneo Dipterocarpaceae up to date.        

Abstract:
Bark Surface Pattern and slash in Dipterocarpaceae were interpreted in terms of structure and seven main Bark Types described (Whitmore 1962 a, b) which are general categories consisting of a number of Bark Manifestations that differ slightly in structure, hence in surface pattern and slash, from the general Type. The Bark Manifestations are practical categories distinct in the forest and are described and keyed here. A key is given to the Bark Types.  The kinds of variation in bark are described and their relative importance ascertained from detailed study of a few species. The main survey is based on 103 species in 7 genera (appendix 1). Their bark is described genus by genus, and the bark present throughout life shown diagrammetically (appendix 2 justifies the inductions on which the diagrams are based). The use of bark for formal taxonomy and forest recognition is reviewed. Bark provides valuable taxonomic information: Symington's taxonomic groups are in main confirmed, and in some cases extended, particularly to include Bornean species.  Comment is made on a number of outstanding taxonomic problems of individual species and a few new problems indicated. There is no evidence of adaptive bark differences between species of Rain forest proper and drier forests.  Twenty one species and many species groups can be recognised in the forest; some previously confused. Scaly barks are distinguished; little is added to previously distinctions within Dipterocarpaceae. It is suggested that the use of the bark for forest recognition could be very considerably extended in families less well known to foresters.  

Abstract:
Small collections of mosses from West New Guinea have been recorded by Dixon, Brotherus, Fleischer and Reimers; while a large collection from Mt. Wilhelmina was made by Brass and Myer-drees and recorded by Bartram (1942). A small collection of liverworts was collected by Takari Tuyama in Vogelkop in 1943 and was recorded by Hattori (1951). Records of an extensive collection of mosses from Eastern Papua were made by Bartram (1957). Records from the Territory of New Guinea of mosses collected by the Count and Countess Nils and Greta Gyldenstolpe in the Mt Hagen district were given by Bartram (1953). Further collections in the Highlands of Eastern New Guinea were made by Hoogland in 1953 and Robins 1957. These collections were recorded by Bartram (1959). The bryophyte flora of New Guinea is immensely rich and very imperfectly known (Bartram, 1959), although it has a considerable affinity with the flora of the rest of Malaysia, there are a large number of endemic species; while alpine and sub-alpine species show a close relationship with the flora of Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.  Professor Gilliland's collection was made in September 1960 in two places :- Chimbu and the Daulo Pass (6,000 - 8,170 ft.) Australian Territory of New Guinea.  The numbers assigned to the bryophytes are accession numbers of the Bryophyte Herbarium of the University of Singapore.

Abstract:
Small samples of soil from the Australian territory of New Guinea were received together with Bryophytes collected by Professor H. B. gilliland in 1960. These samples were kept in polythene bags and owing to transport difficulties, did not reach this labotatory until one year after their dispatch. The soil was carefully separated from the Bryophytes which have been described in a previous paper. Two sets of soil cultures were set up :- (i) moist culture, i.e. samples of soil placed in sterile petri-dishes and exposed to continuous light; (ii) liquid cultures in nutritive medium, following the method of John (1942). In both types of culture there was a vigorous growth of algae and there was considerable correspondence between algae which appeared in moist and liquid culture of the same sample. Four samples were obtained from localities on the Daulo Pass, 6,000 - 8,000 ft.; while a fifth was obtained from Chimbu. In all cases the soil was collected from 1-2 cm of the surface.

Abstract:
Aglae are present in Malayan soils to a depth of several centimeters or sometimes to one meter. Deeply buried subterranean forms probably have their origin from the soil surface having been washed down by rain, aided by the movement of soil animals and by cultivation. These algae are undoubtedly in complete darkness and must survive as saprophytes (Tiffany,1951). In general they are of little importance in soil economy. On the other hand, the truly epiterranean forms which remain at or near the soil surface are exceedingly important since they can increase the organic content of the surface layers of the soil by photosynthesis, while certain Nostocaceae can contribute to the fertility of the soil by nitrogen fixation (de, 1939). Soil algae are exceedingly important ecologically particularly in tropical regions as first colonisers of bare ground. Many algae assist in the actual disintegration of a rock surface to form soil, in addition to forming an organic matrix suitable for higher plant growth.  (Fritsch, 1907; Treub, 1888). Investigation of surface algae in Europe include those of Petersen (1935); Bristol (1920); James (1935) and John (1942). In America Coyle (1935); Booth (1941); Lowe & Moyse (1934); Moore & Carter (1926) and many others have made studies of the soil flora of different districts.  Valuable contributions to our knowledge of soil algae of Ceylon were made by Fritsch (1907, 1907 a, 1907 b). Ghose gives an account of the Cyanophyceae of Lahore and Simla (1923). As far as I am aware the only paper on Malayan soil algae is that of Bristol (1919).                                                        

Abstract:
The recent Royal Society Expedition to North Borneo, 1961 has produced three interesting new species and four new varieties, illustrative of the richness of the Bornean flora in this genus. One species, F. diandra, was found within a few miles of Kuching. Exploration of New Guinea forests is producing now a crop of climbing species sect. Rhizocladus, and I have taken the opportunity to illustrate the figs of some species of this intricate section.

Abstract:
A journey to New Guinea, New Britain, and Bougainville Island, August to October 1960, enabled me to study the fig-flora of these countries, which I had hitherto known only from the herbarium. That I was able to accomplish so much was due to the great help which I received from the Division of Botany of the Department of Forest, Territory of New Guinea, in particular to the Chief, J. R. Womersley, and his assistant, E. Henty, and to the Forest Officers E. C. G. Gray and K. J. White. The journey to Bougainville Island was made possible through hospitality of Mr. F. R. McKillop, Arawa Plantation near Kieta, with whom Mr. Womersley and I stayed. I tender my grateful thanks to these persons and to the Administration of the Territory of New Guinea which extended much hospitality.

Abstract:
Mr. J. A. R. Anderson of the Forest Department, Kuching, Sarawak has, on several occasions, sent me duplicates of a Goniothalamus from Borneo which he could not match and which he wished to include for publication in his paper, "The Flora of the Peat Swamp Forests of Sarawak amd Brunei, including a catalogue of all recorded species of flowering plants, ferns and fern allies."   When I visited Sarawak and Brunei last year, July to September 1960, he again reminded me about it and showed me more sheets of it in the Herbarium at Kuching. It has been found in several localities in Sarawak and Brunei and is confined mostly peat swamp forest or wet forest with a certain amount of peat. Ashton obtained it from the Shorea albida swamps at Seria and Bukit Puan in Brunei where there is some sand in soil as well as peat. I looked for it in these and other localities in Brunei, but unfortunately did not find it myself. I am now describing it as a new species and have named it in honour of J. A. R. Anderson.  

Abstract:
This paper deals primarily with the description and distribution of the Malaysian species of Knema outside the Malay Peninsula.  The Malay Peninsula species have already been revised by me in Gardens'  Bulletin, Singapore 16 (1958) but their distribution outside Malaya, if any, is now given with a citation of specimens. The descriptions of those species, occurring in Malaya, are not repeated, but some extra notes or new facts regarding them have been added if deemed necessary for a better understanding of the genus. The extra- Malaysian species had to be examined as well and are also revised here with full descriptions and notes on distribution.  The actual non-Malaysian species are so few in number (three species and one variety) that the additional task of including them in the present account was in no way a burden. Thus my first paper "A Revision of the Malayan Myristicaceae" in Gardens'  Bulletin, Singapore 16 (1958) when taken in conjunction with this one, will form an account of all the known species in the genus Knema.  In August 1960 I visited Sarawak and Brunei to make a special study of Myristicaceae in the field. The original draft of this paper had them to be altered to incorporate extra notes on bark and field characters with the addition of new records, a few new varieties and the change in status of one variety to that of a species.

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Obituary

Book Review

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Abstract:
De Vol (1957) has reported confusion between the two species Ceratopteris thalictroides (L.) Brong. and Ceratopteris pteridoides (Hook.) Hieronymus in the identification of Asian material. Previously it was believed that Ceratopteris pteridoides occurred only in America, where it is found from 30N to 27S in wet tropical and sub-tropical habitats. DeVol found that plants previously collected from Centrel China, Tonkin, Annam, Cochin China and Cambodia are in fact Ceratpoteris pteridoides. Benedict (1909) used annulus characters to distinguish species of Ceratopteris. Other authors have assumed that Ceratopteris pteridoides could be separated from Ceratopteris thalictroides by its very poorly developed annulus consisting of a few cells only, without a stomium. While this is true for American plants, DeVol found that plants of both species collected from Eastern Asia all has a well-developed annulus.  Therefore it seems that this character is unreliable, and Ceratopteris pteridoides is better distinguished by (i) habit of growth with floating, not emergent sterile leaves, (ii) sterile leaves deltoid, simple, not repeatedly pinnate, and (iii) stipe widest at base of lamina and tapering downwards. Unfortunately these features can be only used for Malayan herbarium material in those specimens which have sterile leaves, or in which the whole stipe is in a good state of preservation. Fern collectors, aware of the importance of sporangial characters in other groups, have tended to collect fertile material only. Other features were sought to distinguish the wealth of isolated fertile leaves. By comparison of plants which definitely fell into the Ceratopteris pteridoides group sensu DeVol by virtue of their sterile leaf-type with those which fell into the Ceratopteris thalictroides group, two distinguishing features were found which can be applied to fertile leaves or plants which have been collected in isolation.      

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