Abstract:
The following notes represent the results of studies in the genus Freycinetia, a large and somewhat neglected group of plants with perhaps as many as two hundred species.  Previous studies in the group have appeared by the present author in the form of a review of the species of the Solomon Islands (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 76: 1 - 8, 1963), a proposed new species from Morotai, Moloccas Is.  (Journ. Arn. Arb. 43: 248 - 350. 1962), and a review of the species known from Fiji, Samoa, and Tonga (Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 80: 47 - 60. 1967). The work here reported concerns species of Polynesia, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Malaysia, and consists chiefly of some shorter studies in particular species, some nomenclatural adjustments, some reports of recent collections, and the description of a few new taxa. Because it is proposed to initiate further publications in this series, paragraphs or sections are numbered for ready future reference.

Abstract:
The genus Symphorema was founded by Roxburgh in 1798 on S. involucratum, a species described from Coromandel, the eastern coast of southern India. The generic description is brief, but it is accompanied with a coloured plate (t. 186) and a detailed description of the species. The plant is stated to flower "in February, March and April". In 1805 Jussieu established the genus Analectis which has been declared to be congeneric with Symphorema. Wallich (Cat. 1828 p.47, No. 1734) placed the genus "Analectis Juss, apud Vahl" (1810) between Congea and Symphorema, a statement recorded by Meisner (1843 p. 200) on the authority of Wallich, since Meisner was not able to examine the specimen. It is not sure whether Wallich considered the genus as published by Jussieu (1805), or merely Vahl's use of the name in connection with his new species. Analectis speciosa (1810). Steudal (1840) listed the genus as of uncertain position. Vahl's binomial is found listed in Moldenke's Resume (1959 p. 234) as a synonym of S. involucratum Roxb. It is desirable to know the locality and the collector of the specimen. Blanco in his Flora Fillipinas (1845) 284 described a Philippine plant as a species of Lauraceae, namely Litsea luzonica, which Llanos (1858) referred to the genus Symphorema. In 1863 Turczaninow established Sczegleewia on Cuming's No. 648 from the Philippines, with S. luconiensis as the type. This genus was recognized by Bentham and Hooker (1876) to be also congeneric with Symphorema Roxb., though they made no reference to Blanco's species. Presently the genus consists of only three species: S. involucratum Roxb., S. polyandrum Wight and S. luzonicum (Blanco) F. Villar. The types of the first two species were from India, and the type of the third one was from Philippines. Those described from India are closely allied in their floral characters and in the shape of their leaves and in having stellate tomentum on their leaves and branches. The basionym of S. luzonicum (Blanco) F-Villar is Litsea luzonica Blanco (1845) based on a specimen from Arayat in the island of Luzon, Philippines. Llanos and others like Fernandez-Villar (1880), Perkins (1904) and Merrill (1906) have recognized that it is true Symphorema. However, before Blanco's species was made the basionym of the new combination under Symphorema, Sczegleewia luconiensis Turcz. (1863) and Symphorema glabrum Hassk., (1965) were published, apparently based on two different collections of Cuming. This Philippine species is the only of this genus which has glabrous and entire leaves and glabrous twigs. The leaves are oblong-elliptic and superficially resemble those of the species of some genera of Lauraceae. Hence, it was regarded by Blanco as a lauraceous species.

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Abstract:
In the present note the author describes 7 species of the genus Chlorogonium Ehr. from polluted waters of Hong Kong, recorded from materials received in January 1966 and studied in the Botanical Institute of Sao Paulo, Brazil.  The collection from Hong Kong has been received through the kindness of Professor Thomas B. Widdowson of the Botanical Department of Hong Kong University by Mr. S. T. Chan of the Botanical Department of the University.

Abstract:
Caspary (1865) was one of the early workers to realize the taxonomic value of sclereids in distinguishing species within the genus. Van Tiegham (1891) used this character when he observed sclereids in the mesophyll of a number of species of Mouriria and Memecylon which led him to group both the genera in the sub-tribe "Mouririees" under the subfamily "Melastomacees". Since Van Tiegham in his work included neither the author-names of the species of Mouriria studies nor citations to specific herbarium specimens, it led Foster (1946) to do a complete re-examination of the foliar sclereids of Mouriria, utilising an extensive series of herbarium collections and he saw that through out the sixty-nine species investigated, the sclereids were restricted in position to the ends of the veinlets, regardless of their form. He thus considered the presence of terminal foliar sclereids as an important generic character of Mouriria which could be utilized in the identification of "sterile" and doubtful materials. Since then, many workers Morley (1953), Rao (1957), Barua and Wight (1958), Tomlinson (1959) and Carlquist (1961) have used sclerieds characters to assess the taxonomic positions of certain angiosperms. In the family Loganiaceae, Metcalfe and Chalk (1950) have recorded the presence of 'sclerenchymatous idioblasts' in the mesophyll of Anthocleista, Fagraea, Potalia and Strychnos. More recent work by Rao (1965) on the genus Fagraea showed that the size and arrangement of the sclereids was different in each of three species examined. Preliminary studies on foliar sclereids in Fagraea revealed great morphological variation in the structure of the sclereids and it was this that led the writer to the present investigation of all the species of Fagraea with a view to study the anatomy of sclereids and to ascertain their systematic value in this genus.

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Abstract:
In Ridley's Flora of the Malay Peninsula, vol. 5, (1925) the common pandan of beaches and coasts of Malaya is described under the name of Pandanus fascicularis Lamarck, and placed in the section Kerua. That section, since it includes the type species of the genus, must now be called section Pandanus and P. fascicularis is considered a synonym of P. odoratissimus L.f., which is the type species of the genus. P. odoratissimus has had a history of considerable confusion. It has an acknowledged list of many synonyms, but it has also been frequently misapplied to quite different species. It has at one time or another been considered as equivalent to P. rectorius, with now one and now the other name considered as a synonym. It has been used as a kind of receptacle for underterminable collections and for sterile cultivars. The result of this historical confusion has been the obscuring of the real specific characters and the true distribution of the species. Recently a considerable number of species have been described from Malaya and adjacent or nearby areas in South-east Asia by Dr. H. St. John in Pacific Science (1959 - 65). In attempting to write up the Malayan Pandanaceae, it of course became necessary to undertake a study of these species. To do so, not only have the holotype specimens in the Herbarium of the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, been examined, but travel to some of the type localities was made to study the living plants. Some types were seen at the Arnold Arboretum. In some cases I have not seen the types, but the descriptions are so full, and the illustrations so good, that little doubt as to the character of the plant was left. The conclusion I have reached is that only one species of section Pandanus is wild in Malaya, but that it is represented by several forms, most of which are so minor in distinctiveness, and so clearly united by transitional forms, that it is impossible to regard them as separate species. Since this view appears to be so greatly at odds with the treatment in Pacific Science, it has seemed necessary, as well as valuable, to discuss the situation at length, and especially to set forth all the reasons available for the reduction of so many species to Pandanus odoratissimus L.f. Taxonomists often list new synonyms with a remark or two such as "indistinguishable" or "differing only in the somewhat larger leaves", and not rarely give no remark at all, assuming evidently that none is required. On the contrary, it seems to me that listing a name as new synonym requires explanation. Therefore I present this paper the data which have convinced me of the need to bring the indicated species to synonomy.

Abstract:
This paper succeeds two others (this journal, XIX (1962) 153 - 319; id., XX (1963) 229 - 284) in which new species of Dipterocarpaceae from Brunei and Malaysian Borneo were described, others reduced to synonymy and reassessments were made of the infrageneric classification of some genera. The first two papers were published as precursors to my Manual of the Dipterocarp trees of Brunei State (OUP., 1964); the present similary precedes a forthcoming supplement to the Brunei Manual to include additional information on the same species, and all further species that occur in Sarawak.  Furthermore, since the Brunei Manual was sent for publication, more complete material has been obtained of several taxa there referred to separate and undescribed taxa.  This paper is the last in the present series to be devoted solely to problems in Bornean Dipterocarpaceae. Subsequent papers in this series will directly relate to an eventual revision of the family for Flora Malesiana. This work has been greatly assisted both by the inspiring leadership and continued encouragement of B. E. Smythies, Conservator of Forests in Sarawak during the initial stages of this work, and by Dr. J. A. R. Anderson, who has given valuable guidance throughout. The plates are the work of Mr. Ahmad Akip, a promising young artist at present attached to the Sarawak Forest Department.

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This paper adds to the bonfire of optimically proposed paper-species whose incineration is inevitable following a critical examination of the abundant collections now available from Malesia and Melanesia.

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Abstract:
Preparation of the account of the tree-fern family (Cyatheaceae) in Flora Malesiana (Series II, Vol. 1, part 2, 1963) involved a study of all the species which have been named throughout the Malayan region, some 350 names in all. This led to the discovery that a good many species had been re-named, sometimes more than once, by different authors; in such cases, the earliest name has to be used. For this reason, the names of some species described in Ferns of Malaya (1954) have to be changed. An example is Cyathea kingii, named in 1883 from a Malayan specimen, which is found to be indistinguishable from Cyathea lurida, originally described from a Java specimen in 1828. Two more names were later given to specimens from Sumatra, but they are not distinct from C. kingii, the variability of which is shown by more ample collections made in Malaya. Besides changes made for this reason, two more are due to the discovery that names used in Ferns of Malaya were mis-applied; and three species have to be added to the list.

Abstract:
Nepenthes distribution in Singapore appears to be rather narrowly limited to the most infertile areas which can also provide suitable climatic conditions. The plants are in fact fairly wide spread, but this reflects rather the prevalence of man-made waste ground than any abundance of natural sites, of which only the cliffs and perhaps Nee Soon swamp give any picture. The Nepenthes population must have been quite small before cultivation began on Singapore Island ; and must become so again as one site after another is taken over for industrial and other development. All things considered, it cannot be said that Nepenthes is ideally adapted to the dryland conditions in which it grows in Singapore, especially in the early stages. The leisurely growth, the meagre root, and the readiness with which the small plants - and the older pitchers - dry out, all suggest an origin in a different habitat. It is tempting to see this in a peat swamps, home of many insectivorous plants ; and to suggest that the ancestral Nepenthes invaded the dry land where it found a suitable soil and tolerable climate. However, for the Singapore species in the existing lowland swamps in Sarawak light is insufficient ; Anderson describes them as appearing to climb only where there is an opening in the tree canopy, and only the climbing plants can reproduce. The ancestral home of Nepenthes, as so much else concerning these unusual plants, must remain problematic.

Abstract:
Volume XVII, part 3, of this Bulletin was published on May 18th. 1960, to commemorate the 90th. birthday of Isaac Henry Burkill, Director of Gardens, Straits Settlements, from 1912 to 1925. Mr. Burkill died on March 8th. 1965, thus having almost attained the age of 95 years. In 1960 Dr. H. Santapau gave details of Mr. Burkill's early life and of his service in India before he came to Singapore, and Dr. C. X. Furtado and I collaborated in an account of his work in Singapore. The following is to be regarded as supplementing these earlier statements.

Abstract:
The following lists are by way of supplementing the notes published in the Gardens' Bulletin, Singapore 18 (3), 1960, and in this issue on the life of I. H. Burkill.  His published papers total over 7,700 printed pages. Burkillian taxa number 2 genera, 7 sections, 233 species, 78 varieties and 72 new combinations. The extent of his collaboration with his friend and colleague, Sir David Prain can be seen from these lists.  Joint publications amount to 768 printed papes, the first in 1904 and the last in 1938, and 133 new species and 55 new varieties. I am indebted to Dr. C. G. G. J. van Steenis, Director, and Mr. L. Vogelgang, Librarian, of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden, to Dr. R. E. Holttum of Kew, and to Father H. Santapau, Director of the Botanical Survey of India, who have helped me with additions and corrections.

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Abstract:
The conserved generic name Ancistrocladus (ancistrus - a small hook, cladus - a branch; referring to the sympodially hooked young shoot) was first proposed by N. Wallich in 1832. A full description was provided by G. A. W. Arnott four years later. It is a rather small genus comprising about 12 species, disjunctively distributed in tropical western Africa (with about 3 species) and in southeastern Asia (with about 9 species).  The only Malesian species. Ancistrocladus tectorius (Lour) Merr., also known as A. pinangianus Planch. or A. extensus Planch., occurs in the Malay Peninsular, S. Sumatra, W. Borneo and their adjacent small islands.  Outside of their Malesian region, this species is found in Burma, Thailand, The Andamans, Indo-China, S. China and Hainan Island. For a citation of literature and synonyms of the genus and of this species, see Steenis,1948.  The same author pointed out that owing to the deficiency of properly preserved flowering material which after drying always shinks to brittle remnants) and fruiting material in herbarium specimens, certain androecial, gynoecial, and seed characters are not fully understood, and the descriptions given by various authors are sometimes controversial.  The seedling character is completely unknown. The follwong observations are based on the preserved flower buds collected by Mr. Engkik Soepadmo at the Bogor Botanic Garden, and the flowers, fruit and seedlings collected by myself from Kuala Sidili, Johore, Malaysia in October, 1965 and in April, 1966.  Microtome sections were made at 8-10u and stained with a safranin-fast green combination.

Abstract:
Plant diseases recorded for the first time in Sarawak, are given below.  The causal organisms are arranged alphabetically under their individual hosts. The frequency of occurrence is given, together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where identification has been performed by the Institute.

Abstract:
The genus Congea was established by Roxburgh in 1819 with one species C. tomentosa of which a coloured plate was published accompanied by a detailed specific description ( Pl. Corom. III, p. 90. T. 293). The species was stated to be a "native of Chittagong where it blossoms in March." Apparently Roxburgh had described under this genus three manuscript: pentandra, villosa and tomentosa, and the generic name Congea was a latin adaptation of the bengali (khasi) name "Kungea' for Roscoea pentandra from Silhet; but since in 1819 only C. tomentosa Roxb. was published, the remaining two did not acquire any status except much later. This means therefore that as puiblished in 1819, Congea must be typified on C. tomentosa which was based on a specimen from Chittagong. In describing the "Germ" of this species, thus: "subturbinate, etc. etc. exactly as in the former species"; but since the two "former species" (pentandra and villosa) were not published in 1819, this reference has to be ignored.

Abstract:
The genus Sphenodesme was established by Jack in 1820 with one species, S. pentandra, the type specimen of which was collected by him in Penang and now preserved in the Herbarium at Edinburgh. Apparently Wallich, with whom Jack corresponded (Burkill in Journ. Roy. Asiat. Soc. Str. Br. 73,1916, pp. 184 & 261), determined Jack's plant to be identical with the Sylhet species cultivated in Botanic Gardens, Calcutta, and listed by Roxburgh without any description as Roscoea pentandra in his Cat. Hort. Bengalensis (1814) 64. In his protolog Jack referred to Roxburgh's invalid binomial but since that generic was preoccupied, he adopted a new one. Under the present Nomenclatural Code, Jack was quite right in giving this genus a new name as Roxburgh's binomial is not valid and therefore cannot claim priority. Hence the holotype of Sphenodesme pentandra Jack is Jack's specimen collected from Penang. However, a good deal of confusion exists on the use of the name of Sphenodesme pentandra, because early botanists, following the old, now outdated, practice, gave priority to manuscript names attached to the plants cultivated to one herbarium or more. Under the present Code such names are discarded as nomina invalida or nuda. In this category will come the binomial Roscoea pentandra Roxb. or Congea pentandra Wall., adopted without any valid desciption for plants before the publication of Jack's monotypic genus. Hence Jack's species must be regarded, not as Sphenodesme pentandra (Roxb.) Jack, as many modern botanists have done, but merely as Sphenodesme pentandra Jack. The earliest valid publication of Roscoea pentandra was in Roxburgh's Flora Indica III (1832) 54, which is antedated by Jack's publication by twelve years. Similarly, Congea jackiana Wall. (1828 & 1830) which Schauer combined to S. jackiana (Wall.) Schauer is a super-fluous name for Jack's species. Roscoea pentandra Roxb. with its isonym S. pentandra (Roxb.) Griff. is synonymous with S. wallichiana Schauer which is reduced here as as variety of S. pentandra Jack.

Abstract:
The present paper is part of the work on the family Fagaceae from Malesia, now being prepared in Cambridge. Due to the limited time available, the present taxonomic account is restricted to the revision of the genus Quercus L.. from Malesia. During the preparation of this work, I have been able to investigate all specimens collected from Malesia, available in the Herbaria of Bogor, Cambridge, Edinburgh, Florence, Kew, Leiden, Paris, Sarawak and Singapore. Two of the five new species described here, namely Q. steenisii and Q. sumatrana, were recognized as new by Dr. S. Hatusima, a Japanese botanist, who worked at the Herbarium Bogoriense, Bogor, Indonesia, during the period of 1943-1945. He, however, never published his work. Specimens of Q. gaharuensis, and Q. percoriacea, were collected recently by Dr. J. A. R. Anderson from Sarawak. Of the fifth species, Q. pseudo-verticillata, the first collection was made by Fuchs & Collenette in 1963 from Pinosuk Plateau, Mt. Kinabalu, North Borneo. During the second Royal Society expedition to Mt. Kinabalu (1964), Mr. E. J. H. Corner and Dr. Chew Wee Lek collected ample materials of this new species, and their specimens were chosen as type.

Abstract:
Lists of plant disease records for Sarawak have been given by Johnston (1) and Turner (2; 3). The present list of previously unrecorded diseases and entomogenous fungi, noted or collected in Sarawak during 1963 and 1964, includes records from orchid hybrid genera (4).  The causal organisms are arranged alphabetically under their individual hosts.  The frequency of occurence is given, together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where identification has been performed by the Institute. Two of the species have been identified at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Abstract:
Between the years of 1956 and 1959 a great deal of activity was centered in the University of Malaya in Singapore on the "Phytochemical Survey of Malaya". The department of Botany and Chemistry together with the Department of the Protector of Aborigines, Federation of Malaya , accumulated a collection of reputed native drug plants, identified these and processed them for alkaloids and other products. Douglas and Kiang (1957) report the results of tests on 214 species of plants collected around Singapore and Malaya. Kiang, Douglas and Morsingh (1961) report on a further 708 species belonging to 104 families and 408 genera. The survey was largely in botanical terms ad hoc, and consequently it was resolved that, on the first available opportunity, a survey with special reference to defined taxonomic groups and a limited area of land would be undertaken. The present survey is the first attempt of its kind along these lines. Two tropical families of plants, the Annonaceae and the Myristicaceae were chosen. These families have been recently revised by Sinclair (1955, 1958, 1961). With the continued presence of Mr. Sinclair at the Botanic Gardens, Singapore, taxonomic problems could be dealt with expeditiously. Again, in the two reports of tests made by Douglas and Kiang (1957) and Kiang, Douglas and Morsingh (1961) a number of annonaceous plants was found to give strong positive tests for alkaloids. Information regarding the distribution and amount of the two families within Singapore Island was sought. By amount is meant the number of plants (classified according to their respective stem diameters at breast height ) existing, as well as the amount of air-dried plant matrerials (in the form of leaves, stem, bark, etc.) that can be got. This knowledge is basic for ecological and phytochemical assessment. The members of these two families are typically forest plants, and the island, aftermore than a century of colonisation, is devoid of any natural vegetation save 4,805 acres of now-protected forests. Of these 4,805 acres, only 163 acres at Bukit Timah are anywhere near the original condition. The present situation can be traced to the pepper and gambier cultivation and timber and firewood exploitation prevalent in those early years. (Wee, 1964).

Book review

Abstract:
Following are descriptions of two ferns which previously have not been recorded for Malaya, so far as I am aware. They are from the Cameron Highlands district of Pahang, where I spent my last fer weeks in Malaya. I concentrated on a small area which is quite well known botanically, where I found besides these two, another not on the Malayan list (Dryopteris hirtipes) and several very rare species. This goes to show how important specialised field work still is, even in places previously collected over for the above mentioned fern, at least, is almost surely a result of Malaya's changing vegetation.

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No abstract.

Abstract:
The following additional notes should serve to assist in bringing the list of Malayan grasses up to date. (cf. Gardens' Bulletin vol. XX. Pt. IV, p. 313, 1964).

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Abstract:
In the present revision the specimens referred to P. bambusetorum in several herbaria have been named as P. bambusetorum and its forma simplicifolia and P. membranacea var malesiana. P. multiflora var solomonensis has been found to be identical with the type form with no affinity to P. sumatrana to which it had been tansferred by Moldenke. P. pubescens is made a variety of P. multiflora. In addition two new taxa have been established, namely P. kinabaluensis and its variety agrestis.

Abstract:
No abstract