Abstract:
A botanical survey of the Nature Reserves in Singapore conducted in 1992-93 resulted in the gathering of more than 2,600 vascular plant specimens. More than 600 species were represented, including two species not previously recorded from Singapore. The results of the survey are discussed in the paper.

Abstract:
A sample survey was conducted to study the tree communities of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve. The forests were stratified into types using vertical aerial photographs. Some 62 sampling units, each about 0.2 ha in size. were laid down in 3 forest types, consisting mainly of secondary forests, of different degrees of maturity, and relatively undisturbed patches of primary forests. The sampling percent was 0.8. 
The trees were measured for girths down to 30 cm and identified down to species. In all 7,462 trees were sampled and these were found to belong to 499 species, 46 of which could not be identified. The sample netted in some 20 species of dipterocarps with 154 individuals. A surprising discovery is the presence of 3 Shorea curtisii in a patch of primary Lowland Dipterocarp Forest, sensu Symington (1941) north of MacRitchie Reservoir. The species is not known to be associated with this forest type in Peninsular Malaysia and Singapore. .Another distributional record is the discovery of 2 trees of Shorea ochrophloia in another patch of primary forest, though not within the sample. This belongs to the Heavy Hardwood (Balau) Group of the genus Shorea and so far none of its members has been recorded in Singapore. Based on the trends of the species-area curves, the sample appears to have netted in most of the secondary forest species but the primary stands are likely to yield many more species if an inventory of a higher intensity of sampling is carried out.  Stand tables are given to show the distribution of the species in each forest type. Fifty-two species were found to be common to all the three forest types, their being no dipterocarps amongst them, as expected. The stands from the relatively undisturbed patches of primary forests were compared with those of Bukit Timah. In terms of species complexity some stands of forests of the two places compare well with one another, but in terms of stand densities, and absolute number of species per unit area, the stands of the Catchment Reserve appear to be better than those of the Bukit Timah forests. The secondary forests of the Reserve are supposed to have been developed on degraded soil. The present edaphic conditions are good.

Abstract:
In Psophocarpus tetragonolobus (L.) DC the anther is tetrasporangiate. Its wall development usually conforms to the Dicotyledonous type but occasionally to the Basic type. Simultaneous cytokinesis in microsporocytes results in tetrahedral microspore tetrads The mature pollen grains are triporate and 2-celled with a reticulate axine. The mature ovule is campylotropus, bitebmic and crassinucellate. The micropyle is zig-zag and formed by both the integuments.  The embryo sac development follows the monosporic Polygonum type. Fertilization is porogamous and triple fusion precedes syngamy. The endosperm development is of the Nuclear type and free-nuclear endosperm haustoria develop in both the micropylar, and chalazal parts. The first two divisions of the zygote are transverse producing a linear 4-celled proembryo, but the subsequent divisions are in various planes. At the early globular stage of the embryo, the suspensor cells become hypertrophied and haustorial. In mature seed, the inner intgument remains 2 or 3 layered, but the outer becomes 15-30 layers and is particularly massive around the micropyle. The thick-walled palisade cells of the seed coat are derived from the outer epidermis of the outer integument, while all the other layers remain parenchymatous.

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Abstract:
A botanical survey of Pulau Jong of the Republic of Singapore, a 0.6 ha island off the south coast of Singapore Island, recentlv found at least 38 native vascular plant species which are listed here. Previous botanical records for the island are also collated to bring the recorded number of species now to 52.  The contemporary flora is dominated by beach and secondary forest species. The slight change in the species composition and decline in number compared to observations made by Holttum (1925) are typical of the random fluctuations seen in small island floras.

Abstract:
Browallia americana L., Persicaria nepalensis (Meisn.) H. Gross, Sonchus oleraceus L. and Verbena bonariensis L. must be added to the flora of Malaya, being established as weeds in the highlands. Ranunculus cantoniensis is recorded for the first time for Malaya.  Mitracarpus hirtus (L.) DC. is probably also an established member of the weed flora of the lowlands.  Desmodium obcordatum (Miq.) Kurz. is native to the far north of Peninsular Malaysia.  Alsomitra macrocarpa (Blume) M. Roem. was not included in earlier Malayan floras, but has been collected from the lowland forests of several states in the Peninsula. Two species of Maclura occur in Malaya.  Begonia perakensis var. rotubdata Irmsch. is reduced to the type variety of the species. Phrynium pubinerve Blume is the correct name for the widespread lowland forest Maranta referred to previously as Phrynium malaccense Ridl. or Phrynium capitatum Willd.

Abstract:
Seven species of vascular plants not previously reported for the flora of the Republic of Singapore are listed in this paper. Three of these, the epiphytic orchid Bulbophyllum gusdorfii J.J.Sm., the icacinaceous liana Iodes cirrhosa Turcz. and the leguminous sea-shore shrub Sophora tomentosa L., are apparently overlooked native species.  The other four, the sedge Cyperus difformis L., the fern Pteris semipinnata L., and the Leguminous shrubs Macroptilium lathyroides (L.) Urban and Sesbania cannabina (Retz.) Pior., are naturalized exotic species.

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Book Review

Abstract:
The construction of the fruit-body and the affinity of the genus are discussed. It is considered that it comes between Pleurotus and Oudemansiella, having the basidia of the former and the pleurocystidia of the latter.   Eighteen species are described for Malesia, of which 15 are new. Notes are given on several extra- Malesian species.  New taxa: H. concentrica, H.griseipendens, H. incarnata, H. lanceifera, H. malesiana, H. mellea, H. minutissima, H. pachyhyphata, H. pahangensis, H. perstriata, H. quadruplex, H. singaporensis, H. suppapillosa, H. vermiculata, H. bullulifera Singger v. brasiliensis.  New combinations: H. cystidioides (C.G.Lloyd), H. subtorulosa (Cke).

Abstract:
This is mainly an account of Malesian species, of which O. crassifolia, O. lianicola and O. submucida are new, but notes are added on several temperate and South American species. The structure of the pileus introduces a new criterion into the specific classificalion of the genus. The connection with marasmioid Xerula is discussed. A species from Japan, referred tentatively to O. radicata var. hygrophoroides (Sing. et Clemoncon) Pegler et Young is intermediate in that it has the marasmioid subacerose basidioles in the hymenium. It is suggested that the narrow basidia of Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus and the subacerose  basidioiles in the hymenium. It is reaffirmed that the pleurocystidia conform with the basidiograph locus of Oudemansiella and it is suggested that the narrow basidia of Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus and the subacerose basidiioles of Marasmius correspond with the developing and uncharged basidia of Oudemansiella.

Abstract:
This is a taxonomic treatment of 3 species of Schima (Theaceae) found in the Malesian region. Two, S. brevifolia and S. monticola, were at one time reduced to the status of subspecies.

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Abstract:
The revision of Citrus in Assam by Bhattacharya and Dutta, 1956, is a work on citriculture and citrus taxonomy the importance of which is not limited to the Asean region; it contains a new species, C. assamensis, and a key to all the Assam citrus, as well as full descriptions of all taxa including the floral features The utility of this work is enhanced by illustrations but constructional errors in the key have prevented its correct and effective use. A new key expressing the authors' intentions, as well as remarks on Citrus taxa and relationships and notes on the typification of C. assamensis are represented in this paper.

Abstract:
Updating of the Conspectus of the genus Glycosmis of Stone, 1985 is required as certain additions and corrections have to be made, and comments on recent publications that have dealt with this genus are required in the context of a monographic perspective.  Three new proposed species are discussed, well as various nomenclatural and taxonomic questions.

Abstract:
Since the publication of the Rutaceae in the "Tree Flora of Malaya" (vol.I.,1972), there have been a number of changes both bibliographic and taxonomic which ought to be accommodated in this account. The genus Terminthodia has been subsumed within Tetractomia; a new genus Maclurodendron has been established to include some species formerly placed in Acronychia; and Tetradium has been revived to hold certain species of Euodia. The remaining species of Euodia are now believed to be most correctly placed in Melicope. They are herein revised by T.G.Hartley. His account shows that Melicope is represented in Peninsular Malaysia by 10 species. Among these, M. corneri T. Hartley is proposed as a new species, M. pahangensis T. Hartley as a new name, and M. pachyphylla (King) T. Hartley and M. macrocarpa (King) T. Hartley as new combinations. In the Aurantioideae, there are now improved treatments of Glycosmis and Citrus, and the plant referred to as "Citrus sp. A" in the 1972 treatment was subsequently described as a new species, C. halimii.  Some controversial matters such as the discrimination ot certain genera and species are discussed herein. Finally the key to genera, which was imperfect, has been reworked and corrected. This account thus summarizes these details and presents, where useful, a new treatment to substitute for the old; it should be used in conjunction with the 1972 treatment. To facilitate use, the keys, generic, and specific accounts are set out here in the same form as in that volume.

Abstract:
Lecanopteris comprises 13 epiphytic species with expanded rhizomes which shelter ants in a mutualistic association. Taxonomic descriptions and a key are given. In subgenus Myrmecopteris, L. sinuosa occurs    throughout Malesia, in most habitats below 800m a.s.I., especially in the ant-epiphyte communities of dry  forest. Lecanopteris crustacea is confined to Bomean. Sumatran and Malaysian lowland dipterocarp canopies.  Its sister species, L. sarcopus occurs in intact and disturbed forest from 400-1200m in the Philippines and Sulawesi. Lecanopteris mirabilis is found in New Guinea, Ambon and Seram, and is locally abundant in undisturbed mid-montane forest. Subgenus Lecanopteris consists of three groups. typified by L. curtisii, L. pumila and L. darnaedii. Lecanopteris curtisii forms distinct races in New Guinea, the Philippines, Sumatra, Java and Borneo. It is a rare member of intact or old disturbed hill forest between 400m and 1200m. The L. pumila group contains three endemics of lower montane forest in Sulawesi: L. celebica, L. casnosa and L. balgooyi, and a Philippine endemic, L. luzonensis, Lecanopteris pumila is found in mid-montane forest and ridgetops in Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo, where it forms distinct races. The L. darnaedii group is endemic to Sulawesi; the three species are allopactric and found in undisturbed mid-montane forest. Myrmeco-epiphytic communities, inhabited by Iridomyrmex cordatus, are found in Bornean heath forest and New Guinean savannah. The ants contribute to the spread of ant-epiphytes by planting their propagules in the ant carton surrounding L. sinuosa. The only ecological characteristic common to Lecanopteris apart from myrmecophytism is heliophily, confining individuals to habitats with open canopies or tree crowns.  No preference is manifested for host species, but Lecanopteris tends to grow on rough-barked trees.

Abstract:
Five species are described as new and illustrated. Two have a thin exospore and two have not. The fifth species, P. flavidifolia, is apparently rare and needs fuller investigation. Sporograph-analysis reveals the smooth spore, general in Psathyrella, as an endospore.

Abstract:
Fifteen taxa of Bolbitiaceae, belonging to the three main genera and sections thereof, are described from Malaysia including four new taxa viz.  Agrocybe malesiana, Bolbittius malesianus, Conocybe mitrispora & C. huijsmanii var. conica.  Some interesting records from the Solomon Islands are also included.

Book Review

Abstract:
The native and naturalized vascular plant species of the Republic of Singapore are enumerated with important synonyms used in twentieth century botanical works. Particular emphasis is placed on Ridley's  Flora of Singapore. published in 1990. Appendices provide indexes to this flora and to the unpublished Flora of Syonan, a list compiled by staff of the Singapore Botanic Gardens at the time of the Japanese occupation of Singapore. One new combination in the Commelinaceae is introduced.

Book Review

Book Review

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Five new species of Didymocarpus are described from Peninsular Malaysia. Two, D. anthonyi Kiew and D. leiophyllus Kiew, are from the east coast and belong to sect. Boeopsis; D. leucanthus Kiew is from the foothills of Selangor; D. stoloniferus Kiew from Gunung Ulu Kali, Pahang; and D. salicinoides Kiew, from Trengganu and southern Kelantan, is raised to specific rank having previously been described as D. salicinus var. major Ridley. The sections Boeopsis and Salicini are defined and keys to their species provided. Didymocarpus lithophilus Kiew is validated.

Abstract:
The development of the fruit-bodies was observed under natural conditions in the forest. Those of A. elata, A. princeps and A. virginea took 12-14 days to reach maturity when they persisted for merely 1-3 days. Expanded fruit-bodies soon became fly-blown and this hastened their decay. A. elata and A. princeps fructify early in the fungus season, as do most Malayan species, but A. virginea appears towards the end of the season. The presence of these species is revealed only for a few days twice each year.

Abstract:
Pteris holttumii C. Chr. was found in the vicinity of the lowland dipterocarp forest of Dent Peninsula, of Lahad Datu. It is the second record for Malaysia, and the only known record from the lowland for the species.

Abstract:
An intense botanical survey of Pulau Ubin, a 1019, 2 ha island within the Republic of Singapore, found at least 332 native and naturalized vascular plant species. These are listed in the paper together with 40 species found to have escaped from cultivation. Previous botanical records for Pulau Ubin are also collated. The contemporary flora is dominated by early successional and ruderal species in addition to mangrove and beach forest elements. The low diversity and relatively high frequency of aliens (71 out of 332 spp.; 21 per cent of the flora) reflects the high degree of human disturbance on the island.