Abstract:
In 1967 a survey was made as part of the Forest Resource Reconnaissance Survey of Ulu Kelantan district. 26, 628 trees were enumerated => 4ft girth on sample strips 1chain wide, in primary rain forest mostly below 2800ft elevation. For this analysis the survey area of 1672 acres has been divided into 4 classes on geology and altitude, comprising sedimentary and granitic rocks and below or above 750ft. The occurrence of different tree species, genera and families in these 4 classes is listed in a series of Tables. No such extensive analysis has previously been made. There are many groups which are markedly more common in one or other of the 4 habitat classes and several groups have a distribution in Ulu Kelantan which counters subjective preconceptions. It is suggested that at any altitude species'  distribution is likely to be more closely correlated with relief and soil than with geology.

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The following pages present some floristic and phytogeographic observations made in the course of ethnobotanical work. They must be considered merely as preliminary notes to a future more detailed study of a massif of which only the periphery has been previously visited by naturalists. It is therefore felt that, notwithstanding their incompleteness, these notes will represent a useful contribution to our botanical knowledge of the western Cambodian mountains, as little in the literature, and none of it in English, presently exists.

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This paper comprises the result of an expedition to Indonesian Islands in search of Nepenthes. It records thirteen species and describes two of them as new taxa. All but one were collected during this research trip made by the author and G. Mikil (participant from Malaysia) to Borneo, Singapore, Java and Sumatra in March 1972. The new taxa are N. campanulata and N. rhombicaulis. The author is grateful to Drs. C.X. Furtado and K.L.Chang for their kind assistance.

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Abstract:
On 7th January 1973, while in Singapore, I accompanied Dr. E. A. Heaslett on a one day field trip to Gunung Panti in Johore, Malay Peninsula. Despite bad weather, we were able to observe about 55 taxa of Palmae in the forest of Panti East. This total indicates the richness of the palm flora: amongst those species observed was one novelty, a Korthalsia vegetatively distinct from all other Malayan species of Korthalsia. Within the genus Korthalsia in Malaya (Furtado 1951) there are two types of ochrea (extension of the leaf sheath beyond the insertion of the petiole); in one type such as that found in K. scaphigera Griff., K. echinometra Becc. and K. scortechinii Becc. (see fig 1 a, b) the ochrea is swollen and hollow and forms a spiny chamber around the leaf sheath of the leaf above, and is favoured by ants as a nesting place. The relationship of the ants with the rattan has been described many times, and it seems likely that particular ants are specific to different Korthalsia species. In the other type as found in all other Malayan species of Korthalsia such as K. flagellaris Miq and K. rigida Bl. (see fig 1 c, d), the ochrea is not swollen and forms a tightly sheathing tube around the leaf sheath of the leaf above: this type of ochrea may remain entire or becomes split or tattered, and may be armed or unarmed. The Korthalsia species new to the Malay Peninsula from Panti East Forest Reserve, however, has a third type of ochrea, a type found in four species (see fig 1 e): K.robusta Bl. of Sumatra. K. macrocarpa Becc. of Borneo, K. squarrosa Becc. of the Philippines and K. hispida Becc. of Sumatra and Bomeo. In these four species, the ochrea is shaped something "like an elongated ass's ear" (Beccari 1918): the ochrea is not sheathing, being open opposite the petiole, the two edges inrolling to produce an open-ended spiny tube, pale straw in colour, diverging from the axis at an angle of 20 degrees.  In K. squarrosa the the ochreas visible in different in that they do not diverge far from the stem, but the ochreas visible in Beccari's plate (Beccari loc. cit.) are just below an inflorescence and such ochreas are often slightly abnormal. Within this tube-like ochrea in the Sumatran and Bomean species, ants make their nests. When the rattan is touched, the ants within rustle in unison in each ochrea by banging their heads against the dry ochrea, each ochrea slightly out of phase with the next. I have only heard this rustling noise in K. robusta, K. hispida and K. macrocarpa; I have not heard it in K. scaphigera.  The Gunung Panti plant is indistinguishable from Korthalsia hispida, a misunderstood species from West Sumatra, Aceh, and Borneo, first collected by Beccari (P. S. 673 -- Beccari 1884) at Ayer Mancur, West Sumatra, and later included by Beccari in Korthalsia robusta Bl. non Mart. (Beccari 1918). In July 1972 in Propinsi Jambi, Sumatra, (Dransfield in press) I found specimens of a Korthalsia, vegetatively fitting the description and plate of K. hispida but with inflorescences totally different from those of the widespread Sumatran taxon, K. robusta, the vegetative parts of which were unknown to Beccari. The Jambi specimens are identical to Meijer 2411, Nukunan, Borneo (Meijer 1956).  There are hence two species in  Sumatra, K. robusta and K. hispida, and Beccari appears to have confused the two in his monograph (1918) -- the fertile specimens referred by Beccari to K. robusta belong to K. robusta; the vegetative specimens referred to K. robusta belongs to another species originally described as K. hispida. In fact vegetatively K. hispida is more distinct than K. robusta and K. macrocarpa and it is quite possible that these last two represent one widespread variable species common to Sumatra and Bomeo. Because of the confusion in this group of Korthalsia it is considered useful to give a complete description of Korthalsia hispida. Although the relationship of Korthalsiamacrocarpa and Korthalsia robusta is not yet clear, I am presenting this note in order to draw attention to this easily recognised group of Korthalsia species.

Abstract:
Singapore has become an important orchid breeding center producing many well-known hybrids of international acclaim. Such successful results are achieved by the continued efforts of scientists at Botanic Gardens and local horticulturists over a period of three decades. In Singapore the first hybrid that appeared was Vanda Miss Joaquim in 1893 (Holttum, 1953). Nevertheless, our knowledge about the cytogenetics and pollen physiology of local orchid hybrids is very limited. The importance of such studies need not be over-emphasized since pollen viability and germination form the essential requirements to produce good and the required hybrids. Not every cross pollination will bear fruit and it is the common experience of every orchid breeder that more than 60 per cent of the pollinations made would end up with no fruits or fruits without seeds. One of the main reasons for such failures could be the pollen sterility and some of these problems are under study (Rao and Goh, 1970). Very few studies are made on orchid pollen germination. Molisch determined the optimal sucrose concentration for 6 European species (Withner, 1959). Miwa (1937) germinated the pollen of certain orchid species and their hybrids to test the longevity and viability of stored orchid pollen. Curtis and Duncan (1947) studied 11 species in 7 genera. The present paper outlines the morphology of pollinia, pollen structure, viability and germination of some well-known local hydrids.

Abstract:
A new species of Creaghiella is described from Borneo. Anerincleistus philippinensis Merr. Is transferred to the present genus as Creaghiella philippinensis (Merr.) Nayar. A key to the species so far known is also presented.

Abstract:
Lists of plant disease records for Sarawak have been given by Johnston (1960) and Turner (1963, 1964, 1966, 1967, 1969 and 1971). The list below consists of previously unrecorded fungal diseases together with diseases caused by algae and plant parasitic nematodes, observed or collected by the writer from the time of his taking over the office of Plant Pathology Section of Semongok Agricultural Research Centre in mid August, 1970 until the end of 1971. Thirteen of these records appear  in the Annual Report of the Research Branch, Department of Agriculture, Sarawak, for the year 1970. The causal organisms are listed under their respective host plants which are arrangedin alphabetical order of their botanical names. The frequency of occurrence is given together with the Commonwealth Mycological Institute Herbarium serial number, where identification has been performed by the Institute. Two species of fungi and one nematode species were identified at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and the Commonwealth Institute of Helminthology, Herts, respectively. In the list that follows, One, Occ., Comm. stand for One record, Occasionally and Common respectively.

Abstract:
Calophyllum austrocoriaceum and C rupicolum var. elatum are new taxa.  C. intramarginale is reduced to C. inophylloide var. singapurense. A division of Malayan Garcinia into groups is described. G. burkillii, G. cantleyana and its var. grandifolia, G. cataractalis, G. hendersoniana and G. murtonii are new species. G. dumosa (and its Malayan allies), G. nigrolineata, G. penangiana, G. bancana, G. opaca and G. pyrifera  are annotated with several new synonyms proposed; G. opaca var. dumosa is proposed as a new variety. In Mesua notes are provided on the alliances of M. assamica, M. elegans, M. kunstleri and M. lepidota; and M. kochummeniana, M. nivenii, M. nuda and M. purseglovei are new species. Barringtonia payensiana is a new species. Crudia viridiflora is a new species, with simple leaves. In Olacaceae, Strombosia maingayi is shown to be the legitimate name for the tree long known as S. rotundifolia: the differences from S. multiflora are discussed. In Proteaceae, Heliciopsis cockburnii, H. montana and H. whitmorei are described as new species.

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Abstract:
Pollination in the dioecious fig Ficus fistulosa was studied in Singapore. The pollinator, Ceratosolen hewitti (Agaonidae), possesses closed thoracic pockets and coxal combs.  Pocket filling with pollen from detached anthers previously cut by the male wasps occurs in the filling almost ripe male figs. Pollen is lifted from the anther to the underside of the thorax by combs. In the male figs, pollination of the stigmata occurs at the end of oviposition prior to the withdrawal of the ovipositor. Pollen is taken directly from the pockets by the  forelegs and is carried downwards onto the stigmata. The behaviour of the female wasps in the female syconia is very similar except that the oviposition act does not culminate with actual egg-laying. The significance of pollination in short-styled, gall-producing flowers and of ovipositor insertion into the styles of long-styled, seed-producing flowers is discussed.

Abstract:
The present revision deals with the Lindsaeoid ferns of Asia from India, Nepal, and Ceylon in the West to China, Japan with the Bonin, Volcano, and Ryukyu Islands, and Taiwan in the East; South it covers the parts of Further India not dealt with in Flora Malesiana, i.e., Thailand up to the border of Malaya.

Abstract:
Xylopia malayana var. obscura is a new variety. The genus Tabernaemontana s.l. is preferred to its segregates. New synonyms are proposed in Leptopus australis, Glochidion brunneum, G. penangense, G.wallichianum, G. zeylanicum var. malayanum, Baccaurea motleyana, Blumeodendron tokbrai, B. borneense and Suregada multiflora. Glochidion trilobum is a mixtum compositum. Three species are reduced to varieties:— Austrobuxus nitidus var. montanus, Agrostistachys longifolia var. leptostachya and Trigonostemon verticillatus var. salicifolius. Endospermum diadenum (formerly malaccense) has peltate leaves in youth. Alchornea tiliifolia is annotated. Scaphocalyx parviflora is reduced to S. spathacea, making the genus monotypic. Burkilliodendron was published 8 months earlier than Alloburkillia as a new name for Burkillia Ridley. Glycosmis calcicola and var. kelantanica are new from limestone. Pentace excelsa, P. grandiflora and Schoutenia furfuracea are new Tiliaceae from the east coast.

Abstract:
The following brief note brings the taxonomy of the Malayan species up to date for vol. 2 of the new Tree Flora of Malaya, now in press. Unfortunately this discovery was made too late for inclusion in part IV of these studies (Kew Bull. 25, 1971, 237-42).

Abstract:
A revision of the W. Malesian genus Johannesteijsmannia (Palmae) is presented. Of the four species described, three represent new species.

Abstract:
The results of a study of moisture of three forested hill-slope soils are presented and compared with the results of a similar study in Malaya. Soil moisture levels were found in general to be rather higher than of under other forms of vegetation. Statistical analysis indicated that change of moisture content was consistent within each soil but less consistent between soils. A series of statistical experiments suggested that except for the A soil horizon, soil moisture (as determined by drying) correlated reasonably well with number of raindays and that the introduction of the factor e (evapotranspiration) resulted only in slightly improved correlations except for the A soil horizon where the use of e gave much better correlations. The study of soil moisture in the region is one that is strangely neglected, a search of available literature failing to reveal more than two studies, both concerned with soil moisture as related to rubber. Belgrave (1930, 493 - 4) made observations from three levels, 2-6 in., 6-12 in. and 12-18 in., of a Serdang series soil having two types of cover, Centrosema, Mikania, and under bare soil. Watson, Wong and Narayanan (1963) made eighteen observations at monthly intervals from two levels, 0 - 6 in., and 12 - 18 in. of a Rengam series coarse sandy clay loam with a vegetation of two and three year old rubber and cover crops of legumes, grass, adventives and also under bare soil.

Abstract:
The author's collection of algae on Gunong Jerai is listed here with brief notes on habitat and existing records in The Malay Peninsula. Structural features of several species are also described. The total collection consists of 32 numbers, the 102 species and varieties are listed under 57 genera.

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Abstract:
Of the twelve species, five subspecies and eight varieties of Globba in Malaya, some are exclusively allotetraploid (2n = 32, AABB), some exclusively hexaploid (2n = 48. AAABBB). One decaploid (2n = 80) and some with both allotetraploid as well as hexaploid chromosome races. Globba species with only 2n = 32 occur in lowland forests and at moderate elevations, while those with onlv 2n = 48 generally in montane forests.  Both are of rather restricted and localised distribution when compared to taxa with 2n = 32, 48. In the latter, the hexaploid infraspecific taxa are usually but not strictly montane in distribution. Where both the tetraploid and hexaploid taxa are montane in distribution, the hexaploids are of greater abundance. The reverse is true where tetraoloid taxa occur in lowland forests and hexaploid in montane regions.  Globba species in Malaya thrive in moist, partially shaded niches. An exception is G. marantina L. which colonises open habitats and has a wide distribution from India and Philippines to the Solomon Islands.

Abstract:
Late 1960, I examined several specimens, incl. Elmer 21628, 21832, and Wood SAN 16482 (Plate 1) from North Borneo which is now known as Sabah, a state of Malaysia. These were in the Herbarium of Singapore Botanic Gardens and identified as Camellia lanceolata (Bl.) Seem. A study of the fruit (a 3-loculate capsule with thin woody wall, partly dehiscent) and the seed (exalbuminous, the embryo with large thin, contorted cotyledons) reminded me of those of Pyrenaria and Tutcheria.Later, through Professor C.G.G.J. van Steenis, I learned from Mr. J. R. Sealy, that the identification of these specimens as Camellia lanceolata was erroneous. Dr. W. Meijer, the former Forest Botanist from Sandakan, Sabah, kindly sent all the theaceous specimens belonging to group on loan to Singapore. But I failed to find any flowering material of this plant. He also informed me that the forest in Tawau area, where collections were made, had since been felled. Early 1970, when checking some unidentified theaceous specimens, my attention was drawn to a specimen from the Malay Peninsula (Corner s.n., on Sept. 9, 1937, from Sungei Tahan, Pahang) (Plate 2).  It had for many years been preliminarily identified as Euphorbiaceae, but Mr. H. K. Airy-Shaw of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, wrote on an annotated sheet "cf. Theaceae", when he worked over the un-named Singapore sheets of Euphorbiaceae in February 1969 in preparation for the chapter in the new Tree Flora of Malaya. The fruit and seed structures of this plant reminded me again of those of Pyrenaria and Tutcheria. At my request, this specimen together with another old collection from the same area (Haniff & Nur 8067) and recognized by Ridley as a new species of Pyrenaria, was sent to Mr. Airy-Shaw for further confirmation. He agreed that these two specimens represent a hitherto undescribed species belonging to the PyrenariaTutcheria complex. Originally, I planned to collect at least the flowering material of the Malayan plant. During a recent trip (June. 1971) to Pahang in Malaya with Dr. T. C. Whitmore, we reached the lower end of Sungei Tahan. Unfortunately, our efforts to find this plant failed. I decided then that it would be better to describe these two species of Pyrenaria (one from Sabah, one from Malaya) without further delay. A discussion of the reason why Tutcheria should be merged with Pyrenaria with a special note on their fruit, seed and seedling characters follows the description.

Abstract:
The author analyses in this paper his collections from Mt. Maquiling of 1965. This list contains 34 species of Mosses and 42 species and varieties of the Liverworts. Of the mosses 16 new species are new for this hill station and one for science.  Liverworts number 35 as novel records and new species and varieties 5. The species and varieties described here as new are:-Endotrichellamaquilinensis; Cololejeuneapseudoschmidtii, C. haskarliana var. luzonensis and var. thermarum, C. selaginellicola, and C. armata.

Abstract:
This paper lists the results of two expeditions to the Philippines in search for Nepenthes. It records seven species and describes one of them and three hybrids as new taxa. All but one were collected during the three-week expedition made by both authors to the islands of Mindanao and Luzon in August 1965. N. burkei was collected by the senior author (S. Kurata) when he participated in the second Bornean species were also found but are excluded in this paper. The authors are grateful to Dr. C. X. Furtado for correcting the latin diagnosis. The new taxa are N. globamphora, N. mirabilis x alata, N. petiolata x alata and N. truncata x petiolata.

Abstract:
A geometrical analysis of the 4-spored homobasidium is made on the assumption that spore-spacing is determinded by sterigmatic spacing on the basidium-apex.  Given then, the values of spore-width_and the interval between adjacent spores of the tetrad, other details of the basidium-unit can be worked out except the lengths of the spores, sterigmata and basidium. The relations between the parts are summarised as equations; their values in ratios of spore-width are tabulated in an appendix. Observations on Mycena illuminans with subglobose spores are given as a check on the theory. The smooth Boletus-spore is shown to be the unornamented endospore of a subglobose spore with endosporic ornamentation that has suffered compression and reduced spacing through the adaxial displacement of the sterigmata. The spores of Strobilomyces and Phylloboletellus appear as the more primitive. The use of this theory is shown by analysis of the cruciform spores of Marasmius nigricans.

Abstract:
The author gives the list of his own collections from Fraser's Hill (Pahang). It indexes 78 species of Mosses and 67 Liverworts and four are new to science: Syrrhopodon fraserianus, Trichosteleum fruiticolum, Cololejeunea pahangiana and Lejeunea pilifera.

Abstract:
Meiorganum (1 sp.), Merulius (8 sp.) and Phaeophlebia (1 sp.) are recognised. New species are Merulius agathidis, M. irpicoides, M. luridochraceus, M. purpurascens and M. rubrotremellosus. Serpula and Gyrodontium are placed under Merulius. A list of specific names in Merulius is supplied.

Book review

Obituary

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Abstract:
A need for data on the occurance and distribution of the freshwater algae of Malaysia exists. Such information would be of value particularly to the fisheries biologist, ecologist and plant geographer. The Taiping Lakes area is situated at the foot of the heavily forest clad Maxwell's Hill, the summit of which is about 1243 meters (4,076 feet) above mean sea level. The Hill and Taiping district generally are noted for their frequent and heavy rains, about 414 to 495 centimeters (163 - 195 inches) annually. Thus there is a constant source of water and the lakes never dry out completely.  However their water level may be controlled by means of wooden sluice gates. The Taiping Lakes consist of about a dozen lakes and ponds of various sizes, the biggest being West Lake, apporximatley 805 meters (880 yards) long and 225 meters (246 yards) wide.  Though few of the lakes are enclosed, most of them receive overflow water from the adjacent stream, drainage canals and lakes. Most of the lakes sampled were those of south, south-east and central area (Fig.1). Their waters were clearly acid, the PH ranging from 4 to 6; the colour of the water may be bluish where still and deep, brownish where there is suspended or dissolved humic and detrital material, or, rarely green with a 'bloom' of euglenoids. The limit of visibility varied from several centimeters to a meter or two. The substratum was mostly of soft mud, clay and silt; in a few instances, especially in the smaller ponds there was a thick layer of mowed grass, fallen leaves and twigs, and other decaying vegetation. Among the variety of animals encountered were Hydra sp., collected here for the first time in the Malayan Peninsula in December 1954, and subsequently in 1956 - 58 (Ratnasabapathy, M., unpublished data); Amoeba sp., Arcella sp., Paramecium sp., Coleps sp., Halteria sp., nematodes, rotifers, aquatic insects including Ranatra sp. and nymphs of Odonata; Cyclops, shrimps and crabs, Aplocheilus panchux, Rasbora trilineata, Ophiocephalus sp., half-beaks, catfishes; and tadpoles of frogs and toads. The lake area and surrounding lands were at one time mined for tin and the lakes are an outcome of this. The algae listed in this paper were collected during the period 22nd. September 1957 to 11th. January 1958. At that time the lake area was fairly well established and beautifully landscaped with grass slopes, lawns, flower beds and a golf course for recreation purposes. In recent years the central jungle has been turned into a zoo with introduced as well as native mammals and birds. Changes in the agal flora are thus expected and future follow-up collections should be interesting.  The senior author has described earlier (1958, 1960, 1962a, 1962b) several of the Euglenineae and Bacillariophyta listed here for the Taiping lakes, and, is currently working on a monograph of the Malayasian Desmidiaceae where the species from the Taiping Lakes will be described.

Abstract:
Eight species of Freycinetia Gaud, are reported from the Malayan Peninsula and adjacent Thailand and Singapore. This number is hardly different from that given by Ridely (8) in his Flora of Malay Peninsula; however he considered 7 of these as endemic specimen while after considerable comparative study, it now appears that only one of his species is endemic and that rather doubtfully. Hence most of the binomial species names used in Ridley's Flora have had to be changed. In this paper keys, description, and synonymy are indicated; and one new species, and two new varietal taxa are proposed.

Abstract:
Twenty-four species of Freycinetia Gaud. (pandanaceae) are reported from Borneo, more than twice as many as previously known. Four species are new to science; F. parviaculeata, F. biloba, F. kalimantanica, and F. kinabaluana. The following are intraspecific taxa are also proposed: F. confusa var. minima, F. javanica var. expansa, F. robinsonii var. meijeri, and F. palawanensis var. andersoniana. A brief phytogeographic discussion is included.

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Abstract:
Rubiaceae of the New Guinea region were the principal interest of Th. Valeton in the early part of this century. The Naucleae were considered in his treatise on the Rubiaceae (Bot. Jahr. 60,1925). More recent collections have revealed the presence of additional species in the area which are referable to the genus Neonauclea Merrill. The present paper considers this group in detail in an attempt to integrate the earlier information with a study of the more numerous later collectons, and reassesses the taxonomy of the genus Neonauclea and its relationship to other aborescent Naucleae. The complex generic synonymy is not considered in detail as this is the subject of a deatiled review being prepared by Bakhuizen van den Brink (personal communication). The Linnean genus Nauclea was based on heterogenous material; that which remains has been located by Bakhuizen van den Brink and found to be congeneric with Adina Salisb. Merrill's homonym excludes Nauclea L. and is a circumscription based on Sarcocephalus Afz. ex Sabine. Nauclea L. is not in current usage and is not conserved. Bakhuizen van den Brink suggests conservation of Nauclea Merrill against Nauclea L. and Sarcocephalus Afz. ex Sabine and conservation of Adina Salisb. against heterotypic Nauclea L. Whilst this would avoid emendation of binomials to some extent and conserve the current usage of the genera, it can hardly be said that reversion from Adina Salixb. to Nauclea L. and from Nauclea Merrill to Sarcocephalus Afz. ex Sabine is a less satisfactory solution. Sarcocephalus Afz. ex Sabine was in use up to 1915 and persisted in some areas until 1963. Adina Salisb., on the other hand, has some 170 years of use but most of its thirty or so members were originally ascribed to Nauclea L. Furthermore, the Malesian representatives of Adina are not congeneric with Nauclea L. and Bakhuizen van den Brink suggests that they should be accomodated in a new genus Metadina. Thus the alternative to the proposal, to conserve Nauclea Merrill and Adina Salisb., would, in most cases, require only reversion to earlier names. Later taxa would require recombination. Valeton (bot. Jahr. 60, 1925) severely critised Merrill's concept of Nauclea and Neonauclea but preferred the Nauclea concept of Korthals. There is a clear case, however, for the retention of Neonauclea and the erection of Metadina as morphologically and geographically well defined genera. The description is based on material from the region under discussion and field notes are included, being compiled from personal observation or from data supplied by reliable foresters. Frequently the material preserved on herbarium sheets is not sufficient to identify the collection as the plants are relatively rarely collected in the vegetative condition where the characters of the stipules may be observed. Combined keys are included so that it should be possible to identify the material in any condition.

Abstract:
Hyphaene natalensis Kuntze (1847) was misidentified with H. crinita Gaertn. (!791) by Martius (1849) apparently on the supposition that the types of both of these species had come from South East Africa, where both the Dutch and the British had settlements. This view of Martius' was widely accepted in the Floras of the regions, even though, contrary to Martius' view, Kirk (1863) had stated that H. crinita is an inland species. This was apparently due to Kirk's misidentification of the taxon named by Kuntze as H. natalensis and by Martius as H. crinita. According to Kirk's specimen in Kew, it is obvious that he had confused the species partly with a form of H. coriacea and partly with H. turbinata (mistaking the latter and H. schatan as forms of true H. coriacea). Since the species (H. natalensis) from Kaffraria and Natal was left unnamed by Kirk, Drude (1895) referred this species to a form H. coriacea (on vegetative characters given by Kirk). Since then more than one species of East Africa have been referred to H. crinita. In 1924 Beccari showed that no fruit from Africa would agree with H. crinita as depicted by its author, Gaertner. However, South African botanists themselves were not certain where Hyphaene species are found in the region; and relying on infromation of a South African botanist who had worked on the palms for the flora of the region, Beccari was convinced that the type of H. natalensis was not from Natal and so he typified the species on a specimen from Mozambique. However, it is shown here that H. natalensis is found in coastal regions of East Africa from Kaffraria to Maozmbique and the species has been retypified on Natal plant. The fact that Kuntze (1847) had given a detailed description of H. natalensis has generally been over looked, probably because this description is separated from its diagnosis and placed in the discussion where Kuntze gives the reasons for keeping separate H. thebaica and H. crinita (united by Martius, 1838). This original description, given by Kuntze, is reprinted here and a new description based on new material is given.

Abstract:
In this study two species of Hyphaene are described as new; one from israel (H. sinaitica) and the other from Ceylon (H. taprobanIca); both these are referred in previous literature as H. thebaica. The correct name of the third species, H. indica, is shown to be H. dichotoma (White) Furtado; this is common in the north west of India. A fourth species (H. reptans) has been recorded from the mountains of Arabia and has a flat , trailing stem which branches but the fruits are unkown.

Abstract:
Hyphaene guineensis Thonn. was described by Thonning himself who had visited the lower regions of Ghana towards the end of the 18th. century, but the species was published posthumously in 1829, over twenty years after the destruction of the type in the Copenhagen Herbarium during a bombardment of the city by a gunboat. Since then no duplicates have been located and a great deal of confusion had arisen over the precise identity of the species. Sometimes it has been regarded only an infra-equatorial species of West Africa, the fact being overlooked that the type was from the supra-equatorial region. However those who attribute it to the latter region, have identified it with different montane species, as if none is found in the lower regions. The account of a German expedition effected along the west coast of Africa in 1873 - 76 shows that a single, unbranched stemmend species, identified by them as H. guineensis, was quite common on the coastal lands from the Cape Palmas eastward to Ghana and Nigeria and southwards as far as Angola. Attempts were therefore made to locate specimens in the herbaria of the coastal states of supra-equatorial regions to obtain nuts from living trees. No specimens were available of any coastal species and botanists did not seem to have any species in the coastal region. But the Keeper of the Herbarium of the University of Ghana and his associates visited the places on the coast near Accra and on the banks of the Lower Volta (regions apparently studied by Thonning) and obtained specimens which represent some forms of H. guineensis. This induced me to study the specimens in the Kew herbarium collected in Upper Guinea. They could not be located previously when a search was made during my earlier attempt to identify the species in Lisbon. The result of my study shows that this species varies a great deal in Ghana, probably because of the ocean winds ( referred to also by the german explorers of 1873 -76). Some forms agree precisely with what I had described earlier as H. doreyi from Angola but others are quite different. However, a specimen from Kew Herbarium, collected in Ghana in 1866 and labelled as H. thebaica, has been chosen as the noetopotype of H. guineensis because it agrees most closely with the original description of the species. The wide distribution of the species is explained on the assumption that the species has originated in Angola and subsequently spread to the north through the Benguela Ocean currents. The Kew specimens also revealed the misleading nature of figures of H. macrosperma in Beccari's Borasseae (1924). As a result, the three forms which I had referred to H. crinita have been separated as H. crinita Gaertn., H. baikieana Furtado sp. nov. and H. togoensis becc. Other species confused with H. guineensis are H. macrosperma Wendl. (H. dahomeensis Becc.) and H. tuleyana Furtado sp. nov. The last is apparently the same taxon which Drude had identified as H. thebaica and which Tomlinson had referred together with H. togoensis to H. guineensis. Since H. thebaica has been widely confused, three forms of this species have been illustrated.

Abstract:
Dendrocnide was established by Miquel in 1851 to accommodate, as the epithet implies, the tree nettles. It was, however, considered congeneric with Laportea by Weddell who had it reduced accordingly. This resulted in Laportea becoming heterogeneous and consequently defineable only by elimination.  Having studied the whole group on a monographic basis, I conclude that Dendrocnide is quite distinct from Laportea and that its status should be re-established.  In my preliminary paper in 1965, when the transfer of the species was accomplished, reasons for my desicion were given. It suffices here to mention briefly that Dendrocnide distinguishes itself on the following score: (a) perennial ligneous trees with irritant hairs, (b) leaves petiolate, simple, alternate or spiral, (c) stipules entirely connate, intrapetiolar, (d) flowers 4- or 5-merous, free or in small glomerules, perianth not fleshy at maturity, (e) achenes usually reflexed, with ligulate stigmas. Thus it comes very close to Urera from which it differs in the last two points just mentioned. I could thirty-six species for this genus which is widely distributed in south-east Asia and the pacific as essentially lowland trees. It is particularly abundant, species-wise, in the Philippines and New Guinea. This monograph is based on the materials deposited in the following herbaria supplemented by field observations made in the Malay Peninsula, Bornea and Java.  Amsterdam, Holland (AMD). Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A. (A). Bangkok, Thailand (BKF). Berkeley, U.S.A. (UC). Berlin, Germany (B). Bogor, Indonesia (BO). Brisbane, Australia (BRI). British Museum, U.K. (BM).  Brussells, Belgium, (BR).Cambridge, U.K. (CGE). Cape Town, South Africa. Chicago, U.S.A. (F). Copenhagen, Denmark (C). Edinburgh, U. K. (E). Florence, Italy (FI). Geneva, Switzerland (G). Kepong, Malaysia (KEP). Kew, U.K (K). Kuching, Sarawak (SAR). Lae, New Guinea (LAE). Leiden, Holland (L). Lisboa, Portugal (LISC, LISJC and LISC). Lund, Sweden, (LD). Madrid, Spain (MA). Manila, Philippines (PNH). Melbourne, Australia, (MEL). Michigan, U.S.A. (MICH). Missouri, U.S.A (MO). Munich, Germany (M). New York, U.S.A. (NY). paris, France (P). Pondicherry, India (PON). Praba, Czechoslovakia (PRC). Sandakan, Sabah (SAN). Singapore (SING). Stockholm, Sweden (S). Sydney, Australia (NSW). Uppsala, Sweden (UPS). Utrecht, Holland (U). Washington DC, U.S.A. (US). Wrocklaw, Poland (WRSL). Zurich, Switzerland (Z). I would like to thank the directors of these herbaria for their generosity and co-operation in making available for my study their rich collection.  My gratitude is also extended to the following botanists for their advice and general assistance; Dr. J.A.R. Anderson (Sarawak), Mr. H.M. Burkill (U.K.), Prof. E. J. H. Corner (Cambridge), Dr. X. C. furtado (Singapore), Prof. H. Godwin (Cambridge), Dr. Dind Hou (Leiden), Prof. J. Leandri (Paris) and Prof. C. G. G. J. Steenis (Leiden).

Abstract:
Recently I have received specimens and photographs of orchids from Mr. K. C. Cheang (Penang) and Mr. A. G. Alphonso (Singapore).   These indicate that corrections should be made to some statements in my book Orchids of Malaya ( 3rd. edition, 1965), and involve the recognition of a new genus and a new species. From Singapore I have also received specimens of a furhther new species originating in Sabah. The new genus and new species are described in the present paper, with appropriate name-changes.

Abstract:
No abstract

Abstract:
Laportea was large and mixed. It defied definition and could only be identified by a system of elimination. Now, with the ligneous species removed and Fleurya and Sceptrocnide added to it, it is more natural, and can be defined thus: (a) herbs, rarely shrubs, with irritant hairs, (b) leaves petiolate, simple, alternate: lamina generally chartaceous with margin variously toothed; (c) stipules partially connate, bifid at the apex, intrapetiolar, (d) flowers unisexual, 4- or 5-merous, free or in loose glomerules, perianth not fleshy at maturity, (e) female pedicels winged, (f) achenes usually reflexed, often stipitate and sometimes on small gynophores, with ligulate stigmas, dispersed uaually with the perianth attached. A total of 22 species are accounted for in this genus which has two sections: sect. Laportea and sect. Fleurya.  The former section which contains 10 species, distinguishes itself from the latter, with 12 species, in the female pedicels being winged laterally. Essentially African, this genus of weedy herbs has a few species almost pan-tropical in distribution while others have extremely wide range of climatic tolerance.  This work is based on the materials of the floowing herbaria supplemented by some field studies in South-East Asia: Amsterdam, Holland (AMD). Arnold Arboretum, U.S.A. (A). Bangkok, Thailand (BKF). Berkeley, California (UC). Berlin, Germany (B). Bogor, Indonesia (BO). Brisbane, Australia (BRI). British Museum, U.K. (BM). Brussels, Belgium (BR). Cambridge, U.K. (CGE). Cape Town, South Africa (NBG & SAM). Chicago, U.S.A. (F). Calremont, U.S.A (POM & RSA). Copenhagen, Denmark (C). Edinburgh, U.K. (E). Florence, Italy (FI). Geneva , Switzerland (G). Kepong, Malaysia (KEP). Kew, U.K. (K). Kuching, Sarawak (SAR). Lae, New Guinea (LAE). Leiden, Holland (L). Lisboa, Portugal (LISC, LISJC & LISU). Lund, Sweden (LD). Madrid, Spain (MA). Manila, Philippines (PNH). Melbourne, Australia (MEL). Michigan, U.S.A. (MICH). Missouri, U.S.A. (MO). Munich, Germany (M). Noumea, N. Caledonia (NOU). New York, U.S.A. (NY). Paris, France (P). Praha, Czechoslovakia (PRC). Sandakan, Sabah (SAN). Singapore (SING). Stockholm, Sweden (S). Sydney, Australia (NSW). Uppsala, Sweden (UPS). Utrecht, Holland (U). Washington DC, U.S.A. (US). Wrocklaw, Polland (WRSL). Zurich, Switzerland (Z).  I am grateful to the directors of these herbaria for their generosity in making their valuable collections available for my work.  I am also grateful to the following botanists for their general assistance at various times on many matters: Prof. E.J.H.Corner (Cambridge), Dr. C. X. Furtado (Singapore), Prof. Leandri and Prof. R. Letouzey (both of Paris), Prof. C. G. G. J. van Steenis (Leiden) and Sir George Taylor (Kew).  My gratitude is also extended to the Royal Society of London for their generosity in granting me a Royal Society - Nuffield Foundation Commonwealth Bursary which enabled me in 1964 to visit and consult the rich collections in the herbaria in London, Paris, Geneva, Leiden and Utrecht. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife , Sigrid. for her translations of the French and German works consulted and for her general assistance in the listing of the collections.