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A collaboration between NParks and researchers across Singapore has identified pathogenic fungi that attack mature trees in our urban landscape. The DNA sequence of tissue samples from trees with rot, the fungal fruiting bodies and surrounding soil were analysed for unique patterns associated to individual fungal species. By comparing the results with healthy trees, 17 fungal species that cause root and trunk rot in commonly planted tree species were identified. This information leads the way for development of early detection and intervention tools of fungal disease in trees.

Botanists discovered a most unusual palm that flowers and fruits completely underground! Pinanga subterranea is believed to be pollinated by beetles and seed dispersal is aided by wild boars. The palm was first noticed in Lanjak Entimau Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak by a Malaysian botanist in the late 1990s. A team of Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew later found the palm growing abundantly in the same area in 2018. While this finding has only been recently published, the fruit is a common part of the diet of the indigenous people. This shows the importance of the knowledge of indigenous people in supporting and enriching scientific information.

Herbarium specimens of Dendrobium singaporense and Bulbophyllum gusdorfii collected nearly 30 years ago in 2001 and 1993 respectively, were uncovered in the herbarium of the Lee Kong Chian Natural History Museum, National University of Singapore. The local conservation status of these species are currently extinct and these herbarium specimens suggests that it should be reconsidered to extant. However, without any current wild sightings, the species will again cross the threshold to being presumed nationally extinct, as any species not seen in the wild for 30 years is categorized as nationally extinct in Singapore.

In recent years, a pink-flowered Kopsia species was found to be in cultivation in Singapore. It was also observed in regional plant markets and has gained popularity as a free flowering, landscape shrub. Despite extensive research, field botanists have not been able to locate this elusive species in the wild. Its unique dark pink corolla and narrow corolla lobes distinguish it from other Kopsia species. This new species is now recognised as Kopsia obscura to reflect its currently unknown origins.

With climate change becoming an acute reality, how plants adapt to a changing environment is an increasingly essential survival trait. Conventionally, researchers conduct long-term studies of plants’ responses at the anatomical level using labour-intensive methods that require millions of repeated samples. The University of Zurich created PlantServation, an AI software to scan samples to detect differences in leaf colour under simulated field conditions while learning to filter out unrelated data from variable plant shapes, background noise and even plant death while detecting leaf colour in each plant automatically. This research looks to improve the efficiency of long-term studies of plants in a complex and fluctuating natural environment.

Two species previously thought to be nationally extinct in Singapore were rediscovered and have been re-classified as nationally Critically Endangered. Orophea hastata was known from Singapore from two historical collections from the late 19th century and was rediscovered in Bukit Timah Nature Reserve in December 2022. This small tree grows up to 13 m tall and only two mature individuals are known in Singapore. Uvaria clementis was known from historical records from the late 19th and early 20th century before re-discovery in the Singapore Botanic Gardens Rainforest in September 2018. It was later also found in 2020 from the Central Catchment Rainforest. In Singapore, only a few mature individuals of this large woody climber are found in primary and old secondary lowland rainforests.